Multimedia
![]() | Media file 2: Proximal shaft hypospadias is shown. Note the typical dorsal hood of foreskin and ventral penile skin deficiency. |
![]() | Media file 3: Penoscrotal hypospadias is shown. Note the associated ventral chordee and true urethral meatus located at the scrotal level. |
![]() | Media file 4: Severe penile chordee is shown. Note the extreme ventral curvature of the penile shaft. |
![]() | Media file 5: Penoscrotal transposition is shown. Note the rugated scrotal skin lateral to the penis, cephalad to its normal position. |
![]() | Media file 6: A pedicled preputial island flap is shown. This hairless skin flap will be rotated on its vasculare pedicle to the ventrum of the penis for repair of the urethra. |
![]() | Media file 8: A urethrocutaneous fistula has appeared after hypospadias repair. Note one stream from true urethral meatus, and second stream through more proximal fistula. |
More on Hypospadias |
| Overview: Hypospadias |
| Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Hypospadias |
| Treatment & Medication: Hypospadias |
| Follow-up: Hypospadias |
Multimedia: Hypospadias |
| References |
| « Previous Page |
References
Baskin LS. Hypospadias and urethral development. J Urol. Mar 2000;163(3):951-6. [Medline].
Barcat J. Current concepts in of treatment. In: Horton CE, ed. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of the Genital Area. Boston, Mass: Little Brown; 1973:249-62.
Duckett JW. Hypospadias. In: Walsh PC, Retik AB, Vaughan ED, et al, eds. Campbell's Urology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1998:2093-2119.
Kallen B, Bertollini R, Castilla E, et al. A joint international study on the epidemiology of hypospadias. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl. 1986;324:1-52. [Medline].
Aaronson IA, Cakmak MA, Key LL. Defects of the testosterone biosynthetic pathway in boys with hypospadias. J Urol. May 1997;157(5):1884-8. [Medline].
Silver RI, Russell DW. 5alpha-reductase type 2 mutations are present in some boys with isolated hypospadias. J Urol. Sep 1999;162(3 Pt 2):1142-5. [Medline].
Hadziselimovic F. Placental estradiol: An ostensible etiologic factor of human cryptorchidism. In: Kirsch AJ, ed. Dialogues in Pediatric Urology: The impact of the environment and endocrine disruptors on pediatric urology. 2000:1-8.
Wang MH, Baskin LS. Endocrine disruptors, genital development, and hypospadias. J Androl. Sep-Oct 2008;29(5):499-505. [Medline].
Khuri FJ, Hardy BE, Churchill BM. Urologic anomalies associated with hypospadias. Urol Clin North Am. Oct 1981;8(3):565-71. [Medline].
Kaefer M, Diamond D, Hendren WH, Vemulapalli S, et al. The incidence of intersexuality in children with cryptorchidism and hypospadias: stratification based on gonadal palpability and meatal position. J Urol. Sep 1999;162(3 Pt 2):1003-6; discussion 1006-7. [Medline].
Korvald C, Stubberud K. High odds for freedom from early complications after tubularized incised-plate urethroplasty in 1-year-old versus 5-year-old boys. J Pediatr Urol. Dec 2008;4(6):452-6. [Medline].
Allera A, Herbst MA, Griffin JE, et al. Mutations of the androgen receptor coding sequence are infrequent in patients with isolated hypospadias. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Sep 1995;80(9):2697-9. [Medline].
Bauer SB, Retik AB, Colodny AH. Genetic aspects of hypospadias. Urol Clin North Am. Oct 1981;8(3):559-64. [Medline].
Brotons JA, Olea-Serrano MF, Villalobos M, et al. Xenoestrogens released from lacquer coatings in food cans. Environ Health Perspect. Jun 1995;103(6):608-12. [Medline].
Chen F, Yoo JJ, Atala A. Experimental and clinical experience using tissue regeneration for urethral reconstruction. World J Urol. Feb 2000;18(1):67-70. [Medline].
Cook A, Khoury AE, Neville C, et al. A multicenter evaluation of technical preferences for primary hypospadias repair. J Urol. Dec 2005;174(6):2354-7, discussion 2357. [Medline].
Cytryn L, Cytryn E, Rieger RE. Psychological implications of cryptorchism. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry. Jan 1967;6(1):131-65. [Medline].
Czeizel A. Increasing trends in congenital malformations of male external genitalia. Lancet. Feb 23 1985;1(8426):462-3. [Medline].
Dodson JL, Baird AD, Baker LA, Docimo SG, Mathews RI. Outcomes of delayed hypospadias repair: implications for decision making. J Urol. Jul 2007;178(1):278-81. [Medline].
Duckett JW. Successful hypospadias repair. Contemp Urol. 1992;4:42-55.
Duckett JW, Caldamone AA, Snyder HM. Hypospadias fistula repair without diversion. Abstract 11. AAP Annual Meeting. New York, NY. 1982.
Duckett JW, Coplen D, Ewalt D. Buccal mucosal urethral replacement. J Urol. May 1995;153(5):1660-3. [Medline].
Duckett JW, Keating MA. Technical challenge of the megameatus intact prepuce hypospadias variant: the pyramid procedure. J Urol. Jun 1989;141(6):1407-9. [Medline].
Gatti JM, Kirsch AJ, Troyer WA. Increased incidence of hypospadias in small-for-gestational age infants in a neonatal intensive-care unit. BJU Int. Apr 2001;87(6):548-50. [Medline].
Gearhart JP, Jeffs RD. The use of parenteral testosterone therapy in genital reconstructive surgery. J Urol. Oct 1987;138(4 Pt 2):1077-8. [Medline].
Husmann DA, Cain MP. Microphallus: eventual phallic size is dependent on the timing of androgen administration. J Urol. Aug 1994;152(2 Pt 2):734-9. [Medline].
Kirsch AJ, Cooper CS, Gatti J. Laser tissue soldering for hypospadias repair: results of a controlled prospective clinical trial. J Urol. Feb 2001;165(2):574-7. [Medline].
Koff SA, Jayanthi VR. Preoperative treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin in infancy decreases the severity of proximal hypospadias and chordee. J Urol. Oct 1999;162(4):1435-9. [Medline].
Kropp BP, Ludlow JK, Spicer D, et al. Rabbit urethral regeneration using small intestinal submucosa onlay grafts. Urology. Jul 1998;52(1):138-42. [Medline].
Manley CB, Epstein ES. Early hypospadias repair. J Urol. May 1981;125(5):698-700. [Medline].
Manzoni G, Marrocco G. Reoperative hypospadias. Curr Opin Urol. Jul 2007;17(4):268-71. [Medline].
Paulozzi LJ, Erickson JD, Jackson RJ. Hypospadias trends in two US surveillance systems. Pediatrics. Nov 1997;100(5):831-4. [Medline].
Rich MA, Keating MA, Snyder HM. Hinging the urethral plate in hypospadias meatoplasty. J Urol. Dec 1989;142(6):1551-3. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Roberts CJ, Lloyd S. Observations on the epidemiology of simple hypospadias. Br Med J. Mar 31 1973;1(856):768-70. [Medline].
Robertson M, Walker D. Psychological factors in hypospadias repair. J Urol. May 1975;113(5):698-700. [Medline].
Silver RI, Rodriguez R, Chang TS, Gearhart JP. In vitro fertilization is associated with an increased risk of hypospadias. J Urol. Jun 1999;161(6):1954-7. [Medline].
Smith ED. The history of hypospadias. Pediatr Surg Int. Feb 1997;12(2-3):81-5. [Medline].
Snodgrass WT. The "learning curve" in hypospadias surgery. BJU Int. Jul 2007;100(1):217. [Medline].
Snodgrass WT. Tubularized incised plate hypospadias repair: indications, technique, and complications. Urology. Jul 1999;54(1):6-11. [Medline].
Sweet RA, Schrott HG, Kurland R, Culp OS. Study of the incidence of hypospadias in Rochester, Minnesota, 1940- 1970, and a case-control comparison of possible etiologic factors. Mayo Clin Proc. Jan 1974;49(1):52-8. [Medline].
Yerkes EB, Adams MC, Miller DA, Brock JW 3rd. Coronal cuff: a problem site for buccal mucosal grafts. J Urol. Oct 1999;162(4):1442-4. [Medline].
Zaontz MR, Packer MG. Abnormalities of the external genitalia. Pediatr Clin North Am. Oct 1997;44(5):1267-97. [Medline].
Further Reading
Keywords
hypospadias, chordee, penile deformity, anterior urethral anomaly, penile development anomaly, subcoronal hypospadias, ventral curvature of the penis, circumcision, human chorionic gonadotropin, undescended testes, inguinal hernias, disorder of sexual development, DSD, penis development
















Multimedia: Hypospadias