Further Inpatient Care
Neonates who have excessive and poorly controlled pain during infancy may have pain intolerance and hyperalgesia later in life.
Sympathetic arousal due to pain is regularly seen in neonates and is manifested as tachycardia, increased blood pressure, sweating, elevated serum catecholamine and cortisol levels, and decreased oxygen saturation.
Behavioral responses include crying, flailing, and grimacing.
The AAP Task Force on Circumcision recommends the use of environmental, nonpharmacologic, and pharmacologic interventions to reduce pain and distress during neonatal circumcision. These interventions include the use of a sucrose pacifier, local application of a eutectic mixture of local anesthetic agents (prilocaine and lidocaine) (EMLA) cream, dorsal penile blocks, and ring blocks.
- Although some physicians are averse to the use of EMLA cream in the neonatal period because of concern of causing methemoglobinemia, its use has been proven to be safe for circumcisions in this age group.
- A ring block that consists of the circumferential subcutaneous injection of local anesthesia (eg, 0.5% lidocaine without epinephrine) at the base of the penis is highly effective (at least as effective as dorsal penile blocks) and easier to perform than dorsal penile blocks.
- Oral acetaminophen provides adequate pain control after neonatal circumcision.
- In patients who undergo formal circumcisions in the operating room, caudal blocks and dorsal penile blocks decrease the amount of pain medication required after the procedure.
Further Outpatient Care
Patients should begin to take baths within 24 hours after the procedure.
Regular application of triple antibiotic ointment (4-6 times/d or after each diaper change) is important to prevent infections, adhesions and the formation of crusts on the denuded glans in older children.
Patients should return for a follow-up visit within 1 week after circumcision.
Complications
Several complications are associated with neonatal circumcision.
- Complications can be minimized if an experienced practitioner performs the circumcision.
- Bleeding is the most common early complication and usually is adequately controlled with local hemostatic measures, such as pressure dressings. On occasion, the patient must be taken back to the operating room for surgical hemostasis and hematoma evacuation.
- Infection is the second most common early postoperative complication, but usually is minor and easily managed with oral and topical antibiotics.
- The most common long-term complication seen after circumcision is meatal stenosis.
Other complications described in isolated case reports include the following:
- Recurrent phimosis
- Wound separation
- Penile torsion
- Concealed penis
- Unsatisfactory cosmesis
- Skin bridges
- Urinary retention
- Meatitis
- Skin chordee (due to removal of excessive skin)
- Inclusion cysts
- Retained Plastibell devices
Other case reports have mentioned rare events such as scalded skin syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis, sepsis, meningitis, urethral fistula, penile necrosis, and amputation of a portion of the glans penis.
Prognosis
Complete resolution is expected with appropriate treatments.
Patient Education
- Instruct parents concerning the occurrence of physiologic childhood phimosis, which can last into the school-age years. Stress the danger of forcibly retracting the foreskin for hygienic purposes. Let them know that, after time, the adhesions found between the inner prepuce and the glans naturally lyse.
- Instruct patients and parents of children with acquired phimosis regarding the importance of proper genital hygiene.
- In addition, make them aware of the problems that may result from an acquired phimosis (eg, balanitis, paraphimosis, preputial pain).
- Make all health care providers aware of the risk of paraphimosis associated with catheterization, and remind them to always reduce the foreskin after penile cleaning and catheterization.
- Inform parents fully regarding the potential benefits and risks associated with neonatal circumcision so that they can determine whether circumcision is in the best interests of their child.
- The AAP does not recommend routine neonatal circumcision; however, if circumcision is performed, the AAP recommends the use of procedural analgesia.
- For excellent patient education resources, visit eMedicine's Men's Health Center. Also, see eMedicine's patient education articles Foreskin Problems and Circumcision.
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