Pseudomonas Folliculitis Follow-up
- Author: Charles B Toner, MD; Chief Editor: Dirk M Elston, MD more...
Deterrence/Prevention
- Proper maintenance and chlorination of pools, hot tubs, whirlpools, and spas are essential to decrease the population of Pseudomonas species.
- The Centers for Disease Control Suggested Health and Safety Guidelines for Public Spas and Hot Tubs recommend a free chlorine concentration of 1-3 mg/L and a pH of 7.2-7.8.
- However, P aeruginosa has been recovered from adequately chlorinated water containing 2 mg/L of free chlorine.
- Bromine is considered an acceptable alternative to chlorine and is considered more effective in hot water, with a longer period of activation.
- Complete drying of sponges between uses is essential because P aeruginosa does not survive drying.
- Showering after exposure to contaminated water does not seem to prevent Pseudomonas folliculitis.
Gregory DW, Schaffner W. Pseudomonas infections associated with hot tubs and other environments. Infect Dis Clin North Am. Sep 1987;1(3):635-48. [Medline].
Highsmith AK, Le PN, Khabbaz RF, Munn VP. Characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from whirlpools and bathers. Infect Control. Oct 1985;6(10):407-12. [Medline].
McCausland WJ. Pseudomonas aeruginosa rash associated with whirlpool. JAMA. Nov 29 1976;236(22):2490-1. [Medline].
Price D, Ahearn DG. Incidence and persistence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in whirlpools. J Clin Microbiol. Sep 1988;26(9):1650-4. [Medline].
Ratnam S, Hogan K, March SB, Butler RW. Whirlpool-associated folliculitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: report of an outbreak and review. J Clin Microbiol. Mar 1986;23(3):655-9. [Medline].
Rose HD, Franson TR, Sheth NK, Chusid MJ, Macher AM, Zeirdt CH. Pseudomonas pneumonia associated with use of a home whirlpool spa. JAMA. Oct 21 1983;250(15):2027-9. [Medline].
Jacobson JA. Pool-associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa dermatitis and other bathing-associated infections. Infect Control. Oct 1985;6(10):398-401. [Medline].
Lacour JP, el Baze P, Castanet J, Dubois D, Poudenx M, Ortonne JP. Diving suit dermatitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: two cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. Dec 1994;31(6):1055-6. [Medline].
Saltzer KR, Schutzer PJ, Weinberg JM, Tangoren IA, Spiers EM. Diving suit dermatitis: a manifestation of Pseudomonas folliculitis. Cutis. May 1997;59(5):245-6. [Medline].
Bottone EJ, Perez AA 2nd, Oeser JL. Loofah sponges as reservoirs and vehicles in the transmission of potentially pathogenic bacterial species to human skin. J Clin Microbiol. Feb 1994;32(2):469-72. [Medline].
Frenkel LM. Pseudomonas folliculitis from sponges promoted as beauty aids. J Clin Microbiol. Oct 1993;31(10):2838. [Medline].
Maniatis AN, Karkavitsas C, Maniatis NA, Tsiftsakis E, Genimata V, Legakis NJ. Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis due to non-O:11 serogroups: acquisition through use of contaminated synthetic sponges. Clin Infect Dis. Aug 1995;21(2):437-9. [Medline].
Böni R, Nehrhoff B. Treatment of gram-negative folliculitis in patients with acne. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(4):273-6. [Medline].
Lutz JK, Lee J. Prevalence and antimicrobial-resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in swimming pools and hot tubs. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Feb 2011;8(2):554-64. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Berger RS, Seifert MR. Whirlpool folliculitis: a review of its cause, treatment, and prevention. Cutis. Feb 1990;45(2):97-8. [Medline].
Agger WA, Mardan A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections of intact skin. Clin Infect Dis. Feb 1995;20(2):302-8. [Medline].
Ratnam S, Hogan K, March SB, Butler RW. Whirlpool-associated folliculitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: report of an outbreak and review. J Clin Microbiol. Mar 1986;23(3):655-9. [Medline].
Evans MR, Wilkinson EJ, Jones R, Mathias K, Lenartowicz P. Presumed Pseudomonas folliculitis outbreak in children following an outdoor games event. Commun Dis Public Health. Apr 2003;6(1):18-21. [Medline].
Fox AB, Hambrick GW Jr. Recreationally associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis. Report of an epidemic. Arch Dermatol. Oct 1984;120(10):1304-7. [Medline].
Yu Y, Cheng AS, Wang L, Dunne WM, Bayliss SJ. Hot tub folliculitis or hot hand-foot syndrome caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Am Acad Dermatol. Oct 2007;57(4):596-600. [Medline].
Gustafson TL, Band JD, Hutcheson RH Jr, Schaffner W. Pseudomonas folliculitis: an outbreak and review. Rev Infect Dis. Jan-Feb 1983;5(1):1-8. [Medline].
Malterud K, Thesen J. [Whirlpool and pseudomonas infection--a local outbreak]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. Jun 28 2007;127(13):1779-81. [Medline].
Yu Y, Cheng AS, Wang L, Dunne WM, Bayliss SJ. Hot tub folliculitis or hot hand-foot syndrome caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Am Acad Dermatol. Oct 2007;57(4):596-600. [Medline].
Mena KD, Gerba CP. Risk assessment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in water. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol. 2009;201:71-115. [Medline].
MMWR. An outbreak of Pseudomonas folliculitis associated with a waterslide--Utah. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Aug 19 1983;32(32):425-7. [Medline].
Tate D, Mawer S, Newton A. Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis associated with a swimming pool inflatable. Epidemiol Infect. Apr 2003;130(2):187-92. [Medline].
Chiller K, Selkin BA, Murakawa GJ. Skin microflora and bacterial infections of the skin. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. Dec 2001;6(3):170-4. [Medline].

