Bullous Disease of Diabetes Clinical Presentation

  • Author: Maureen B Poh-Fitzpatrick, MD; Chief Editor: Dirk M Elston, MD   more...
 
Updated: Mar 29, 2011
 

History

Bullous disease of diabetes (bullosis diabeticorum) blisters occur spontaneously and abruptly, often overnight, and usually without known antecedent trauma.

These blisters tend to be asymptomatic, although mild discomfort or burning has been described.

Bullous disease of diabetes blisters heal spontaneously within 2-6 weeks of onset.

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Physical Examination

The goals of the physical examination should include determining the location and physical characteristics of lesions, developing a useful differential diagnosis, and determining the need for biopsy to secure a correct diagnosis and for culture to identify secondary infections that may require treatment.

Common findings of bullous disease of diabetes (bullosis diabeticorum) include tense, nontender blisters arising on nonerythematous skin (see the image below).

Tense noninflammatory bulla on the leg. Tense noninflammatory bulla on the leg.

Blisters tend to be large (from 0.5-17 cm in diameter), often with an irregular shape, simulating a burn. Some blisters may also be flaccid. Although blisters typically occur on the feet or lower legs, they also may occur on fingers, toes, hands, and arms. (See the image below.)

Unroofed blister on the leg. Note the irregular shUnroofed blister on the leg. Note the irregular shape.

Rarely, nonacral sites (eg, trunk) may be involved.

To see complete information on Diabetic Ulcers, please go to the main article by clicking here.

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Maureen B Poh-Fitzpatrick, MD  Professor Emerita of Dermatology and Special Lecturer, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; Professor of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine

Maureen B Poh-Fitzpatrick, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, and New York Academy of Medicine

Disclosure: Lundbeck, Inc. Honoraria Review panel membership; Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. Honoraria Consulting

Coauthor(s)

Jacqueline M Junkins-Hopkins, MD  Associate Professor, Director, Division of Dermatopathology and Oral Pathology, Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions

Jacqueline M Junkins-Hopkins, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Physicians, and American Society of Dermatopathology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Maureen B Poh-Fitzpatrick, MD  Professor Emerita of Dermatology and Special Lecturer, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; Professor of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine

Maureen B Poh-Fitzpatrick, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, and New York Academy of Medicine

Disclosure: Lundbeck, Inc. Honoraria Review panel membership; Clinuvel Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. Honoraria Consulting

Michael J Wells, MD  Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L Foster School of Medicine

Michael J Wells, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Edward F Chan, MD  Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

Edward F Chan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Society of Dermatopathology, and Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joel M Gelfand, MD, MSCE  Medical Director, Clinical Studies Unit, Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, Associate Scholar, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania

Joel M Gelfand, MD, MSCE is a member of the following medical societies: Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: AMGEN Consulting fee Consulting; AMGEN Grant/research funds Investigator; Genentech Grant/research funds investigator; Centocor Consulting fee Consulting; Abbott Grant/research funds investigator; Abbott Consulting fee Consulting; Novartis investigator; Pfizer Grant/research funds investigator; Celgene Consulting fee DMC Chair; NIAMS and NHLBI Grant/research funds investigator

Chief Editor

Dirk M Elston, MD  Director, Ackerman Academy of Dermatopathology, New York

Dirk M Elston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

References

  1. Kramer DW. Early or warning signs of impending gangrene in diabetes. Med J Rec. 1930;132:338-42.

  2. Rocca FF, Pereyra E. Phlyctenar lesions in the feet of diabetic patients. Diabetes. May-Jun 1963;12:220-2. [Medline].

  3. Cantwell AR Jr, Martz W. Idiopathic bullae in diabetics. Bullosis diabeticorum. Arch Dermatol. Jul 1967;96(1):42-4. [Medline].

  4. Bernstein JE, Levine LE, Medenica MM, Yung CW, Soltani K. Reduced threshold to suction-induced blister formation in insulin-dependent diabetics. J Am Acad Dermatol. Jun 1983;8(6):790-1. [Medline].

  5. Larsen K, Jensen T, Karlsmark T, Holstein PE. Incidence of bullosis diabeticorum--a controversial cause of chronic foot ulceration. Int Wound J. Oct 2008;5(4):591-6. [Medline].

  6. Tunuguntla A, Patel KN, Peiris AN, Zakaria WN. Bullosis diabeticorum associated with osteomyelitis. Tenn Med. Nov 2004;97(11):503-4. [Medline].

  7. Lipsky BA, Baker PD, Ahroni JH. Diabetic bullae: 12 cases of a purportedly rare cutaneous disorder. Int J Dermatol. Mar 2000;39(3):196-200. [Medline].

  8. James WD, Odom RB, Goette DK. Bullous eruption of diabetes mellitus. A case with positive immunofluorescence microscopy findings. Arch Dermatol. Oct 1980;116(10):1191-2. [Medline].

  9. Basarab T, Munn SE, McGrath J, Russell Jones R. Bullosis diabeticorum. A case report and literature review. Clin Exp Dermatol. May 1995;20(3):218-20. [Medline].

  10. Toonstra J. Bullosis diabeticorum. Report of a case with a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. Nov 1985;13(5 Pt 1):799-805. [Medline].

  11. [Guideline] Bantle JP, Wylie-Rosett J, Albright AL, et al. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. Jan 2008;31 Suppl 1:S61-78. [Medline].

  12. [Guideline] American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. I. Classification and diagnosis. Diabetes Care. Jan 2008;31(Suppl 1):S12-3.

  13. [Guideline] American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. V. Diabetes care. Diabetes Care. Jan 2008;31(Suppl 1):S16-24.

  14. Bernstein JE, Medenica M, Soltani K, Griem SF. Bullous eruption of diabetes mellitus. Arch Dermatol. Mar 1979;115(3):324-5. [Medline].

  15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Fact Sheet. United States. Atlanta, Ga: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2003:[Full Text].

  16. Goodfield MJ, Millard LG, Harvey L, Jeffcoate WJ. Bullosis diabeticorum. J Am Acad Dermatol. Dec 1986;15(6):1292-4. [Medline].

  17. Phillips P, Weightman W. Diabetes and the skin. Correspondence. Aust Fam Physician. Oct 2005;34(10):48.

  18. Scheinfeld N. A review and report of blistering distal dactylitis due to Staphylococcus aureus in two HIV-positive men. Dermatol Online J. May 1 2007;13(2):8. [Medline]. [Full Text].

 
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Tense noninflammatory bulla on the leg.
Unroofed blister on the leg. Note the irregular shape.
Histology of bullosis diabeticorum showing a noninflammatory blister with a subepidermal and focally intraepidermal separation (hematoxylin and eosin stain).
High-power view of the dermis beneath the blister showing capillary wall thickening (hematoxylin and eosin stain).
 
 
 
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