Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans Differential Diagnoses
- Author: Noah S Scheinfeld, MD, JD, FAAD; Chief Editor: William D James, MD more...
Yardley IE, Cosgrove C, Lambert AW. Paediatric preputial pathology: are we circumcising enough?. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. Jan 2007;89(1):62-5. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Kizer WS, Prarie T, Morey AF. Balanitis xerotica obliterans: epidemiologic distribution in an equal access health care system. South Med J. Jan 2003;96(1):9-11. [Medline].
Huntley JS, Bourne MC, Munro FD, Wilson-Storey D. Troubles with the foreskin: one hundred consecutive referrals to paediatric surgeons. J R Soc Med. Sep 2003;96(9):449-51. [Medline].
Becker K. Lichen sclerosus in boys. Dtsch Arztebl Int. Jan 2011;108(4):53-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Nelson DM, Peterson AC. Lichen sclerosus: epidemiological distribution in an equal access health care system. J Urol. Feb 2011;185(2):522-5. [Medline].
Mallon E, Hawkins D, Dinneen M, et al. Circumcision and genital dermatoses. Arch Dermatol. Mar 2000;136(3):350-4. [Medline].
Chalmers RJ, Burton PA, Bennett RF, Goring CC, Smith PJ. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. A common and distinctive cause of phimosis in boys. Arch Dermatol. Aug 1984;120(8):1025-7. [Medline].
Kiss A, Kiraly L, Kutasy B, Merksz M. High incidence of balanitis xerotica obliterans in boys with phimosis: prospective 10-year study. Pediatr Dermatol. Jul-Aug 2005;22(4):305-8. [Medline].
Rossi E, Pavanello P, Franchella A. [Lichen sclerosus in children with phimosis]. Minerva Pediatr. Dec 2007;59(6):761-5. [Medline].
Singh I, Ansari MS. Extensive balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) involving the anterior urethra and scrotum. Int Urol Nephrol. 2006;38(3-4):505-6. [Medline].
Berglund RK, Angermeier KW. Combined buccal mucosa graft and genital skin flap for reconstruction of extensive anterior urethral strictures. Urology. Oct 2006;68(4):707-10; discussion 710. [Medline].
Kiss A. The response of clinical balanitis xerotica obliterans to the application of topical steroid-based creams. J Pediatr Surg. Mar 2006;41(3):606; author reply 606-7. [Medline].
Ghysel C, Vander Eeckt K, Bogaert GA. Long-term efficiency of skin stretching and a topical corticoid cream application for unretractable foreskin and phimosis in prepubertal boys. Urol Int. 2009;82(1):81-8. [Medline].
Ratz JL. Carbon dioxide laser treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans. J Am Acad Dermatol. May 1984;10(5 Pt 2):925-8. [Medline].
Ebert AK, Vogt T, Rosch WH. [Topical therapy of balanitis xerotica obliterans in childhood. Long-term clinical results and an overview]. Urologe A. Dec 2007;46(12):1682-6. [Medline].
Dubey D, Sehgal A, Srivastava A, Mandhani A, Kapoor R, Kumar A. Buccal mucosal urethroplasty for balanitis xerotica obliterans related urethral strictures: the outcome of 1 and 2-stage techniques. J Urol. Feb 2005;173(2):463-6. [Medline].
Levine LA, Strom KH, Lux MM. Buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty for anterior urethral stricture repair: evaluation of the impact of stricture location and lichen sclerosus on surgical outcome. J Urol. Nov 2007;178(5):2011-5. [Medline].
Palminteri E, Berdondini E, Lazzeri M, Mirri F, Barbagli G. Resurfacing and reconstruction of the glans penis. Eur Urol. Sep 2007;52(3):893-8. [Medline].
Zavras N, Christianakis E, Mpourikas D, Ereikat K. Conservative treatment of phimosis with fluticasone proprionate 0.05%: a clinical study in 1185 boys. J Pediatr Urol. 2009;5:181-5. [Medline].
Sandler G, Patrick E, Cass D. Long standing balanitis xerotica obliterans resulting in renal impairment in a child. Pediatr Surg Int. Aug 2008;24(8):961-4. [Medline].
Pugliese JM, Morey AF, Peterson AC. Lichen sclerosus: review of the literature and current recommendations for management. J Urol. Dec 2007;178(6):2268-76. [Medline].
Nasca MR, Innocenzi D, Micali G. Penile cancer among patients with genital lichen sclerosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. Dec 1999;41(6):911-4. [Medline].
Drut RM, Gomez MA, Drut R, Lojo MM. Human papillomavirus is present in some cases of childhood penile lichen sclerosus: an in situ hybridization and SP-PCR study. Pediatr Dermatol. Mar-Apr 1998;15(2):85-90. [Medline].
Goolamali SI, Pakianathan M. Penile carcinoma arising in balanitis xerotica obliterans. Int J STD AIDS. Feb 2006;17(2):135-6. [Medline].
Bainbridge DR, Whitaker RH, Shepheard BG. Balanitis xerotica obliterans and urinary obstruction. Br J Urol. Aug 1971;43(4):487-91. [Medline].
Beljaards RC, van Dijk E, Hausman R. Is pseudoepitheliomatous, micaceous and keratotic balanitis synonymous with verrucous carcinoma?. Br J Dermatol. Nov 1987;117(5):641-6. [Medline].
Bingham JS. Carcinoma of the penis developed in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Br J Vener Dis. Oct 1978;54(5):350-1. [Medline].
English JC 3rd, Laws RA, Keough GC, Wilde JL, Foley JP, Elston DM. Dermatoses of the glans penis and prepuce. J Am Acad Dermatol. Jul 1997;37(1):1-24; quiz 25-6. [Medline].
Jenkins D Jr, Jakubovic HR. Pseudoepitheliomatous, keratotic, micaceous balanitis. A clinical lesion with two histologic subsets: hyperplastic dystrophy and verrucous carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. Feb 1988;18(2 Pt 2):419-22. [Medline].
Ledwig PA, Weigand DA. Late circumcision and lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the penis. J Am Acad Dermatol. Feb 1989;20(2 Pt 1):211-4. [Medline].
Meffert JJ, Davis BM, Grimwood RE. Lichen sclerosus. J Am Acad Dermatol. Mar 1995;32(3):393-416; quiz 417-8. [Medline].
Meyrick Thomas RH, Ridley CM, Black MM. Clinical features and therapy of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus affecting males. Clin Exp Dermatol. Mar 1987;12(2):126-8. [Medline].
Mikat DM, Ackerman HR Jr, Mikat KW. Balanitis xerotica obliterans: report of a case in an 11-year-old and review of the literature. Pediatrics. Jul 1973;52(1):25-8. [Medline].
Peterson AC, Palminteri E, Lazzeri M, Guanzoni G, Barbagli G, Webster GD. Heroic measures may not always be justified in extensive urethral stricture due to lichen sclerosus (balanitis xerotica obliterans). Urology. Sep 2004;64(3):565-8. [Medline].
Pietrzak P, Hadway P, Corbishley CM, Watkin NA. Is the association between balanitis xerotica obliterans and penile carcinoma underestimated?. BJU Int. Jul 2006;98(1):74-6. [Medline].
Read SI, Abell E. Pseudoepitheliomatous, keratotic, and micaceous balanitis. Arch Dermatol. Jul 1981;117(7):435-7. [Medline].
Sherman V, McPherson T, Baldo M, Salim A, Gao XH, Wojnarowska F. The high rate of familial lichen sclerosus suggests a genetic contribution: an observational cohort study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol [serial online]. 2010 Feb 25;[Medline]. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03572.x/abstract.
Staff WG. Urethral involvement in balanitis xerotica obliterans. Br J Urol. Apr 1970;42(2):234-9. [Medline].
Steffens JA, Anheuser P, Treiyer AE, Reisch B, Malone PR. Plastic meatotomy for pure meatal stenosis in patients with lichen sclerosus. BJU Int [serial online]. 2010 Feb;105(4);568-72. [Medline]. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.09172.x/abstract.
Wallace HJ. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus. Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc. 1971;57(1):9-30. [Medline].

