Oral Lymphangiomas: Multimedia

References

1. Mulliken JB, Glowacki J. Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics. Plast Reconstr Surg. Mar 1982;69(3):412-22. [Medline].

2. Padwa BL, Hayward PG, Ferraro NF, Mulliken JB. Cervicofacial lymphatic malformation: clinical course, surgical intervention, and pathogenesis of skeletal hypertrophy. Plast Reconstr Surg. May 1995;95(6):951-60. [Medline].

3. Tempero RM, Hannibal M, Finn LS, Manning SC, Cunningham ML, Perkins JA. Lymphocytopenia in children with lymphatic malformation. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Jan 2006;132(1):93-7. [Medline].

4. Alqahtani A, Nguyen LT, Flageole H, Shaw K, Laberge JM. 25 years' experience with lymphangiomas in children. J Pediatr Surg. Jul 1999;34(7):1164-8. [Medline].

5. Yonetsu K, Nakayama E, Kawazu T, Kanda S, Ozeki S, Shinohara M. Value of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in differentiation of hemangiomas from lymphangiomas in the oral and maxillofacial region. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. Oct 1999;88(4):496-500. [Medline].

6. Raveh E, de Jong AL, Taylor GP, Forte V. Prognostic factors in the treatment of lymphatic malformations. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Oct 1997;123(10):1061-5. [Medline].

7. Bai Y, Jia J, Huang XX, Alsharif MJ, Zhao JH, Zhao YF. Sclerotherapy of microcystic lymphatic malformations in oral and facial regions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. Feb 2009;67(2):251-6. [Medline].

8. Burrows PE, Mitri RK, Alomari A, et al. Percutaneous sclerotherapy of lymphatic malformations with doxycycline. Lymphat Res Biol. 2008;6(3-4):209-16. [Medline].

9. Greinwald JH, Burke DK, Sato Y, et al. Treatment of lymphangiomas in children: an update of Picibanil (OK-432) sclerotherapy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Oct 1999;121(4):381-7. [Medline].

10. Edwards PD, Rahbar R, Ferraro NF, Burrows PE, Mulliken JB. Lymphatic malformation of the lingual base and oral floor. Plast Reconstr Surg. Jun 2005;115(7):1906-15. [Medline].

11. Neville DD, Damm DD, Allen CM, Bouquot JE. Soft tissue tumors. In: Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. ed. WB Saunders Co; 1995:711.

Further Reading

Keywords

cystic hygromas, lymphatic malformations, simple microcystic lesions, simple macrocystic lesions, cervicofacial lymphatic malformations, oral malformations, hamartomatous lesions, lymphangioma

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Sean P Edwards, DDS, MD, FRCD(C), Assistant Professor, Chief of Pediatric Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Surgery, C S Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan Medical Center
Sean P Edwards, DDS, MD, FRCD(C) is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, American Cleft Palate/Craniofacial Association, American Medical Association, International Association of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgeons, and Royal College of Dentists of Canada
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Joseph Helman, DMD, Clinical Professor and Chair, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Michigan
Joseph Helman, DMD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Smeena Khan, MD, Private Practice, Adult and Pediatric Dermatology Associates
Smeena Khan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha and American Academy of Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

David F Butler, MD, Professor of Dermatology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine; Chair, Department of Dermatology, Director, Dermatology Residency Training Program, Scott and White Clinic, Northside Clinic
David F Butler, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, American Society for MOHS Surgery, Association of Military Dermatologists, and Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Drore Eisen, MD, DDS, Consulting Staff, Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Research Associates of Cincinnati
Drore Eisen, MD, DDS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Academy of Oral Medicine, and American Dental Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Glen H Crawford, MD, Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Chief, Division of Dermatology, The Pennsylvania Hospital
Glen H Crawford, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society of USAF Flight Surgeons
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Dirk M Elston, MD, Director, Department of Dermatology, Geisinger Medical Center
Dirk M Elston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.