Deterrence/Prevention
Avoid exposure to cold.
Cease smoking.
Complications
Pernio lesions that blister may become secondarily infected.
Prognosis
Prognosis is good. Recurrences may be observed annually with onset of cold weather.
Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic recurrent pernio is advised because this may reveal connective-tissue disease (lupus erythematosus).
Patient Education
Avoid exposure to cold.
Keep extremities warm and dry.
Cease smoking.
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