Introduction
Background
Now a rare disease, acrodynia (painful extremities) primarily affects young children. The symptoms of irritability, photophobia, pink discoloration of the hands and feet, and polyneuritis can be attributed to chronic exposure to mercury.1,2,3 Also see Toxicity, Mercury for an Emergency Medicine focus, Mercury for a neurological focus, and Toxicity, Mercury for a pediatric focus.
Pathophysiology
The most frequent sources of mercury prior to the legislated removal of the heavy metal from these preparations were calomel-containing anthelminthics, laxatives, diaper rinses, teething powders, fungicides in paint, repeated gamma-globulin injections, termite-protected wood (mercury bichloride), watch batteries (ie, via ingestion), mercurial antibacterial ointments, mercurial skin-lightening creams, and dental amalgam. This legislation corresponded to the virtual disappearance of acrodynia. Present-day cases reveal more novel exposure, such as mercuric oxide used to treat eyelid mites. Some have suggested the disease may represent a delayed allergic or hypersensitivity reaction because not all persons exposed to mercurial compounds develop the disease.
Because the metal can be stored in the body to some extent and intolerance may develop long after exposure, morbid symptoms may appear weeks or months after the drug administration (ie, exposure), with its cause escaping recognition. The deleterious effects of relatively small doses of mercury on the nervous system that are sometimes seen in the course of acrodynia add to the acrodynic reaction. In acrodynia, no reflex dilatation of the peripheral vessels occurs in response to heat. Vasoconstriction is abolished only when the nerve supply to the arterioles is interrupted.
Frequency
United States
Acrodynia was once widely prevalent; however, it is rare today, owing to the discontinued use of mercury in different preparations.
International
Acrodynia was especially common in Australia. Epidemics of mercury poisoning have followed the release of mercury into the environment from industrial activity,4 with uptake of methyl mercury from eating fish from Minamata Bay, Japan, and uptake of both inorganic and methyl mercury following the release of mercury vapor and its subsequent deposition in waterways from gold recovery procedures in the Amazon basin. The ingestion of wheat and barley seed treated with an alkyl mercury fungicide for sowing, by a largely illiterate population in Iraq, led to a major outbreak of poisoning with a high fatality rate.
Mortality/Morbidity
Older children tend to have less morbidity. Death can result in 10% of cases.
Age
Acrodynia most often occurs in infants and young children. The age of onset is between 4 months and 8 years. Newborns and adults appear to be less susceptible to the disease.
Clinical
History
- Children initially become listless, drowsy, and irritable, with a tendency to cry.
- Anorexia and subsequent weight loss can occur.
- More than 50% of patients demonstrate photophobia.
- Hypotonia, the ability to hyperextend or overextend the limbs, and atrophy of muscles are noted. The child may refuse to walk.
Physical
- The initial symptoms are followed by the numerous cutaneous manifestations in 2-4 weeks. The skin changes are characteristic. The review by Dinehart et al from 1988 is notable.5
- Early in the course of the disease, the tip of the nose, fingers, and toes acquire a pinkish color, which subsequently develops into a reticulate erythema of deeper hue.
- The hands and feet become painful, cold, cyanotic, erythematous, and swollen. Erythema is usually blotchy but may be diffuse. Hemorrhagic puncta are also noted. On the trunk, the erythema is blotchy and may be macular or papular.
- Extreme pain and pruritus in the extremity often leads to lichenified, excoriated changes as the child constantly rubs and scratches his or her skin.
- Patients may assume the "salaam position" in which they sit with their heads between their legs and rub their hands together.
- Inflammation, swelling, and focal gum erosion can been seen with subsequent loss of teeth. These changes are early.
- A notable symptom is massive hyperhidrosis with a mouselike smell, which may lead rapidly to miliaria rubra. This can easily turn to bacterial secondary infection with a tendency for ulcerating pyoderma.
- Persistent hypertension, tachycardia, susceptibility to bronchitis, dyspepsia, precipitant micturition, salivation, and hypotonia can be observed. Usually, the patient develops a moderate upper respiratory tract infection with a sore throat.6
- Alopecia has also been noted.
- Nail loss has been reported.
Causes
- Mercury exposure in a sensitive person is considered to be responsible for the development of acrodynia. A genetic predisposition is possible.
More on Acrodynia |
 Overview: Acrodynia |
| Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Acrodynia |
| Treatment & Medication: Acrodynia |
| Follow-up: Acrodynia |
| References |
| Next Page » |
References
Barbacki M. [Acrodynia in Poland after the 2d World War]. Przegl Lek. 1970;26(10):762-4. [Medline].
Boyd AS, Seger D, Vannucci S, Langley M, Abraham JL, King LE Jr. Mercury exposure and cutaneous disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. Jul 2000;43(1 Pt 1):81-90. [Medline].
Kazantzis G. Mercury exposure and early effects: an overview. Med Lav. May-Jun 2002;93(3):139-47. [Medline].
Baughman TA. Elemental mercury spills. Environ Health Perspect. Feb 2006;114(2):147-52. [Medline].
Dinehart SM, Dillard R, Raimer SS, Diven S, Cobos R, Pupo R. Cutaneous manifestations of acrodynia (pink disease). Arch Dermatol. Jan 1988;124(1):107-9. [Medline].
Torres AD, Rai AN, Hardiek ML. Mercury intoxication and arterial hypertension: report of two patients and review of the literature. Pediatrics. Mar 2000;105(3):E34. [Medline].
Graeme KA, Pollack CV Jr. Heavy metal toxicity, Part I: arsenic and mercury. J Emerg Med. Jan-Feb 1998;16(1):45-56. [Medline].
Beck C, Krafchik B, Traubici J, Jacobson S. Mercury intoxication: it still exists. Pediatr Dermatol. May-Jun 2004;21(3):254-9. [Medline].
Mutter J, Yeter D. Kawasaki's disease, acrodynia, and mercury. Curr Med Chem. 2008;15(28):3000-10. [Medline].
Abbaslou P, Zaman T. A Child with elemental mercury poisoning and unusual brain MRI findings. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2006;44(1):85-8. [Medline].
Ellenhorn MJ, Schonwold S, Ordag G, Wassenberger J, eds. Metals and related compounds. In: Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. William & Wilkins: Baltimore, Md; 1997:1532-613.
Selter P. Arch Kinderheilkd. 1926-1927;80:244.
Further Reading
Keywords
acrodynia, mercury poisoning, mercury toxicity, pink disease, Feer disease, Feer's disease, Swift syndrome, Swift's disease, Swift disease, Swift-Feer disease, vegetative neurosis, dermatopolyneuritis, erythredema polyneuritis, trophodermatoneurosis, heavy metal toxicity, heavy metal poisoning, chronic mercury poisoning, chronic heavy metal poisoning
