Deterrence/Prevention
Laminar airflow protection and high-efficiency particulate air filters have been reported as effective ways to prevent nosocomial pulmonary aspergillosis in patients who are immunocompromised. To prevent primary cutaneous aspergillosis, use sterile dressings at catheter sites or other susceptible areas.
Prognosis
When cutaneous aspergillosis occurs in the setting of systemic aspergillosis, the prognosis is poor.
Ozer B, Kalaci A, Duran N, Dogramaci Y, Yanat AN. Cutaneous infection caused by Aspergillus terreus. J Med Microbiol. Jul 2009;58:968-70. [Medline].
Zhang QQ, Li L, Zhu M, Zhang CY, Wang JJ. Primary cutaneous aspergillosis due to Aspergillus flavus: a case report. Chin Med J (Engl). Feb 5 2005;118(3):255-7. [Medline].
Mohapatra S, Xess I, Swetha JV, et al. Primary cutaneous aspergillosis due to Aspergillus niger in an immunocompetent patient. Indian J Med Microbiol. Oct-Dec 2009;27(4):367-70. [Medline].
Larkin JA, Greene JN, Sandin RL, Houston SH. Primary cutaneous aspergillosis: case report and review of the literature. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. Jun 1996;17(6):365-6. [Medline].
Naidu J, Singh SM. Aspergillus chevalieri (Mangin) Thom and Church: a new opportunistic pathogen of human cutaneous aspergillosis. Mycoses. Jul-Aug 1994;37(7-8):271-4. [Medline].
Kim CW, Seo JS, Kim MK, Jun EJ, Choi JC, Choi BW. Secondary cutaneous aspergillosis disseminated from the lungs of a patient with asthma on 1 month steroid treatment. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. Jan 2010;66(1):104-7. [Medline].
Wheat LJ. Rapid diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis by antigen detection. Transpl Infect Dis. Dec 2003;5(4):158-66. [Medline].
Krishnan-Natesan S, Chandrasekar PH, Manavathu EK, Revankar SG. Successful treatment of primary cutaneous Aspergillus ustus infection with surgical debridement and a combination of voriconazole and terbinafine. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. Dec 2008;62(4):443-6. [Medline].
Cooke FJ, Terpos E, Boyle J, Rahemtulla A, Rogers TR. Disseminated Aspergillus terreus infection arising from cutaneous inoculation treated with caspofungin. Clin Microbiol Infect. Dec 2003;9(12):1238-41. [Medline].
Koss T, Bagheri B, Zeana C, Romagnoli MF, Grossman ME. Amphotericin B-resistant Aspergillus flavus infection successfully treated with caspofungin, a novel antifungal agent. J Am Acad Dermatol. Jun 2002;46(6):945-7. [Medline].
Klein KC, Blackwood RA. Topical voriconazole solution for cutaneous aspergillosis in a pediatric patient after bone marrow transplant. Pediatrics. Aug 2006;118(2):e506-8. [Medline].
[Guideline] Walsh TJ, Anaissie EJ, Denning DW, et al. Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. Feb 1 2008;46(3):327-60. [Medline].
Herbrecht R, Denning DW, Patterson TF, Bennett JE, Greene RE, Oestmann JW, et al. Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med. Aug 8 2002;347(6):408-15. [Medline].
Walsh TJ, Raad I, Patterson TF, et al. Treatment of invasive aspergillosis with posaconazole in patients who are refractory to or intolerant of conventional therapy: an externally controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. Jan 1 2007;44(1):2-12. [Medline].
Elder D, Elenitsas R, Jaworsky C, eds. Lever's Histopathology of the Skin. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven; 1997:525-6.
Freedberg I, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, et al, eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1999:1436-7.
Odom RB, James WD, Berger TG, eds. Andrews' Diseases of the Skin. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 2000:415.
Richardson MD, Warnock DW, eds. Fungal Infection. In: Diagnosis and Management. 2nd ed. Blackwell Science: Oxford, England; 1997:113-30.

