eMedicine Specialties > Dermatology > Pediatric Diseases

Focal Dermal Hypoplasia Syndrome: Differential Diagnoses & Workup

Author: Robert W Goltz, MD, Professor Emeritus, University of Minnesota, University of California San Diego
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Jul 30, 2008

Differential Diagnoses

Aplasia Cutis Congenita
Incontinentia Pigmenti
Proteus Syndrome

Other Problems to Be Considered

Incontinentia pigmenti (Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome) (OMIM#308300)

Initially, a number of FDH cases were reported as variants of incontinentia pigmenti because of the marked predilection for females with male mortality in utero, the linear nature of the skin lesions that follow the Blaschko lines, and an initial inflammatory phase.

As more cases of FDH were reported, the 2 syndromes were noted to be distinct. The clinical history of incontinentia pigmenti includes cutaneous vesiculation and verrucous lesions with persistent whorled hyperpigmentation, which differ from the red, linear, atrophic areas of FDH. The histopathologic findings of incontinentia pigmenti are highly characteristic in the early vesicular and verrucous phases. Eye abnormalities characteristically involve the posterior chamber, with microphthalmos as the late end-stage result. In addition, a higher proportion of patients with incontinentia pigmenti have convulsions and neurologic deficits compared with those who have FDH. Incontinentia pigmenti is caused by mutations in the gene NEMO/IKK -gamma on chromosome Xq28. See Incontinentia Pigmenti for more information on this condition.

Aicardi syndrome (OMIM %304050)

Aicardi syndrome is an X-linked dominant condition, with the locus Xp22. Mild skin involvement is noted on the head and neck and, sometimes, the shoulders, chest, and limbs. Microphthalmia, corneal opacity, and agenesis of the corpus callosum are observed.

MIDAS syndrome (OMIM #309801)

Microphthalmia, dermal hypoplasia, and aplasia may be confined to the head, neck, and sclerocornea. Microphthalmia occurs with linear skin defects in individuals with distal Xp segmental monosomy, locus Xp22. The phenotype overlaps with those of both Aicardi syndrome and FDH.17,18

Delleman syndrome (oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome) (OMIM 164180)19

This syndrome is characterized by orbital cysts of microphthalmia, cerebral malformations, and FDH (rare).

Goldenhar syndrome (OMIM %164210)

This syndrome, locus 14q23, is associated with the first and second branchial syndrome. Hemifacial hypoplasia, ocular, oral, aural, and vertebral malformations are observed. Cardiac anomalies and frequent mental deficiencies are observed.

Proteus syndrome (OMIM%176920)

Patchy dermal hypoplasia may be seen in the other numerous features of this syndrome. The hallmark of Proteus syndrome is hemihypertrophy, cerebriform plantar lesions, and macrodactyly. Maps to 10q23.31. See Proteus Syndrome for more information on this condition.

Deletion of band Xp22.2

Cases in 4 patients are described. This condition involves microphthalmos, normal intelligence, and acute weeping linear skin lesions of the face and neck that heal to become hyperpigmented streaks. The hair, teeth, and skeletal system in these patients are normal, except for the occasional finding of mild soft-tissue syndactyly. All probands have a deletion of the short arm of the X chromosome that involves band Xp22.2.20

Adams-Oliver syndrome (OMIM%100300)

Adams-Oliver syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition that involves an association of scalp and skull bone aplasias with distal limb reductions. The skin and eyes are normal. This condition is often associated with cutis marmorata telangiectasia congenita. See Cutis Marmorata Telangiectasia Congenita for more information on this condition.

Nevus lipomatosus superficialis (Hoffmann-Zurhelle syndrome)

Nevus lipomatosus superficialis is a developmental anomaly of the skin that involves localized groups of soft fleshy nodules, most commonly on the lower trunk and sacral area; these nodules are generally present at birth. Histologically, the lipomatous nodules of FDH are similar; but in the lesions of FDH, the collagen is more attenuated. Furthermore, the other characteristic systemic abnormalities of FDH are not present in nevus lipomatosus superficialis.

Aplasia cutis congenita

In aplasia cutis congenita, areas of the skin are absent at birth, but none of the other findings of FDH occur.See Aplasia Cutis Congenita for more information on this condition.

Workup

Imaging Studies

  • Radiography may reveal osteopathia striata.
    • Osteopathia striata consists of longitudinal striations in the metaphyses of the bones.
    • The lesions are usually bilateral and symmetric, mainly involving the long bones and the sacral bone. In contrast, the vertebrae and iliac bones are typically spared.
    • Osteopathia striata is an idiopathic finding, which radiographically is manifested by linear vertical opacities that originate at an articular surface and extend into the diaphysis, where they gradually narrow and disappear.
    • The thickened striations of lamellar bone are parallel to the axis of the long bones.
    • The shape, density, and cortex of the affected bones are normal.
    • Osteopathia striata is commonly (approximately 20% cases) seen in patients with FDH; however, it is not a specific diagnostic feature of FDH.
    • When osteopathia striata occurs as an isolated finding, with no associations, it is known as Voorhoeve disease. This is an asymptomatic finding that is often an incidental radiologic finding.
    • The radiographic diagnosis of osteopathia striata is a useful clue in individuals who have minimal phenotypic disease. A careful clinical history taking and dermatologic examination may lead to the diagnosis of FDH.
  • Prenatal ultrasonographic findings are variable. Imaging studies may reveal findings that range from nonspecific fetal growth delay to specific organ and/or developmental anomalies; all findings are contingent on the degree to which an individual is affected.21

Other Tests

  • Parents and siblings of patients with new, apparently sporadic cases of FDH should be closely examined for subtle skin findings or other abnormalities. Prenatal testing/karyotype analysis is not available.

Procedures

  • Biopsy of the skin may be performed.

Histologic Findings

Early lesions demonstrate small perivascular lipocytes. Lipocytes may sometimes be noted in the papillary dermis. The atrophic reticulated patches of skin reveal attenuation of dermal collagen fibers with partial-to-complete loss of dermal collagen. An accompanying change is the appearance of adipose cells in the dermis. In mild cases, adipocytes may be noted only around blood vessels; in severe cases, they may replace all or part of the dermal connective tissue. A layered effect sometimes occurs, with attenuated collagenous connective tissue lying both above and beneath an adipose layer. If the accumulation of adipose tissue is pronounced, it may cause the apparent herniation of subcutaneous tissue through the thinned skin.

The papillomatous lesions typically consist of a fibrovascular stalk composed of loose connective tissue with dilated vessels and a variable perivascular admixture of inflammatory cells.

The lentigolike, pigmented-macule lesions indicate increased amounts of melanin deposition in the basal epidermal keratinocytes, with an underlying mild dermal infiltrate of lymphocytes with numerous dermal melanophages.

More on Focal Dermal Hypoplasia Syndrome

Overview: Focal Dermal Hypoplasia Syndrome
Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Focal Dermal Hypoplasia Syndrome
Treatment & Medication: Focal Dermal Hypoplasia Syndrome
Follow-up: Focal Dermal Hypoplasia Syndrome
Multimedia: Focal Dermal Hypoplasia Syndrome
References
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Further Reading

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Keywords

FDH, Goltz's syndrome, Goltz syndrome, Goltz-Gorlin syndrome, #MIM305600

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Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Robert W Goltz, MD, Professor Emeritus, University of Minnesota, University of California San Diego
Robert W Goltz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Dermatological Association, American Medical Association, American Society of Dermatopathology, California Medical Association, and Pacific Dermatologic Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Bernice R Krafchik, MBChB, FRCPC, Professor Emeritus, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Dermatology, University of Toronto
Bernice R Krafchik, MBChB, FRCPC is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Dermatological Association, Canadian Medical Association, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, and Society for Pediatric Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

David F Butler, MD, Professor of Dermatology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine; Chair, Department of Dermatology, Scott and White Clinic; Director Dermatology Residency Training Program, Scott and White Clinic
David F Butler, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, American Society for MOHS Surgery, Association of Military Dermatologists, and Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: 3M Pharmaceutical Grant/research funds Other; Graceway Pharmaceuticals Grant/research funds Other

Managing Editor

Edward F Chan, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Edward F Chan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Society of Dermatopathology, and Society for Investigative Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Glen H Crawford, MD, Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Chief, Division of Dermatology, The Pennsylvania Hospital
Glen H Crawford, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society of USAF Flight Surgeons
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Dirk M Elston, MD, Director, Department of Dermatology, Geisinger Medical Center
Dirk M Elston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

 
 
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