eMedicine Specialties > Dermatology > Reactive & Inflammatory Dermatoses
Dyshidrotic Eczema
Updated: Jun 8, 2007
Introduction
Background
Dyshidrotic eczema is a recurrent or chronic relapsing form of vesicular palmoplantar dermatitis of unknown etiology. Dyshidrotic eczema also is termed pompholyx, which derives from cheiropompholyx, which means "hand and bubble" in Greek.
The etiology of dyshidrotic eczema is unresolved and believed to be multifactorial. It is considered a reaction pattern caused by various endogenous conditions and exogenous factors.
Pathophysiology
Several hypotheses have been proposed for the pathophysiology of dyshidrotic eczema. The original hypothesis of sweat gland dysfunction has been disputed because vesicular lesions are not associated with sweat ducts. Patients do not usually have hyperhidrosis. However, note that patients with dyshidrotic eczema have been reported to improve and have fewer relapses after botulinum toxin A injection.
Dyshidrotic eczema may be associated with atopy and familial atopy. Of patients with dyshidrosis, 50% have atopic dermatitis.
Exogenous factors (eg, contact dermatitis to nickel, balsam, cobalt; sensitivity to ingested metals; dermatophyte infection; bacterial infection) may trigger episodes. These antigens may act as haptens with a specific affinity for palmoplantar proteins of the stratum lucidum of the epidermis. The binding of these haptens to tissue receptor sites may initiate pompholyx.
Emotional stress and environmental factors (eg, seasonal changes, hot or cold temperatures, humidity) reportedly exacerbate dyshidrosis. A similar eruption has been reported after intravenous immunoglobulin infusion.
In some patients, a distant fungal infection can cause palmar pompholyx as an id reaction. In one study, one third of pompholyx occurrences on the palms resolved after treatment for tinea pedis. Trichophyton rubrum is the most commonly identified dermatophyte.
Frequency
United States
Dyshidrotic eczema occurs in as many as 5-20% of patients with hand eczema and more commonly occurs in warmer climates and during spring and summer months.
International
Dyshidrotic eczema comprised 1% of initial consultations in a 1-year Swedish study.
Mortality/Morbidity
Dyshidrotic eczema can be severe, resulting in occupational disability and time away from work; however, disability compensation usually is not provided for this condition.
Sex
Male-to-female ratio is 1:1.
Age
Dyshidrotic eczema affects individuals aged 4-76 years; mean age is 38 years. After middle age, the frequency of episodes tends to decrease.
Clinical
History
Patients complain of pruritus of hands and feet with sudden onset of blisters. Burning pain or pruritus occasionally may be experienced before blisters appear. Episodes vary in frequency from once per month to once per year. Patients may report a variety of factors that possibly are related to eruptions.
- Emotional stress
- Personal or familial atopic diathesis (eg, asthma, hay fever, sinusitis)
- Certain work exposures (eg, cobalt) and/or recreational exposures
- Recent exposure to contact allergens (eg, nickel, balsams, paraphenylenediamine, chromate, sesquiterpene lactones) before condition flares
- Exposure to contact irritants before condition flares
- Recent exposure to costume jewelry (patients with palmar pompholyx and allergic to nickel)
- Recent treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy
- HIV related: Two cases were reported of HIV-positive patients who developed dyshidrotic eczema as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome shortly after highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Physical
Symmetric crops of clear vesicles and/or bullae on the palms and lateral aspects of fingers characterize dyshidrotic eczema (Media Files 1-2, Media Files 5-7, and Media File 9). Feet, soles, and the lateral aspects of toes also may be affected.
- In mildly affected patients, vesicles are present only on the lateral aspects of fingers and, occasionally, involve feet and toes (Media File 9).
- Vesicles are deep seated with a tapiocalike appearance, without surrounding erythema (Media File 2).
- May become large, form bullae, and become confluent (Media File 8)
- Typically resolve without rupturing, followed by desquamation
- Hands are involved solely in 80% of patients, feet solely in 10% (Media File 3), and both hands and feet are involved in 10% of patients (Media File 8).
- With long-standing disease, patients' fingernails may reveal dystrophic changes (eg, irregular transverse ridging, pitting, thickening, discoloration).
- Interdigital maceration and desquamation of the interdigital spaces often are present, despite the possible absence of a dermatophyte infection.
- Vesicles and/or bullae may become infected secondarily, and pustular lesions may be present. Cellulitis and lymphangitis may develop.
- The Dyshidrotic Eczema Area and Severity Index recently was developed based on severity grades for the number of vesicles per square centimeter, erythema, desquamation, itch, and the extent of affected areas. The index was found to be a simple standardized method for assessing the condition and was used to assess disease severity and treatment effectiveness in 2 clinical studies. Further evaluation with larger patient groups is needed.
Causes
The cause of dyshidrotic eczema is unknown. The condition often appears related to other skin diseases (eg, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, allergy to ingested metals, dermatophyte infection, bacterial infection, environmental or emotional stress). Several factors may participate in causing dyshidrotic eczema and pompholyx.
- Genetic factors: Monozygotic twins have been affected simultaneously by dyshidrotic eczema. The pompholyx gene has been mapped to band 18q22.1-18q22.3, in the autosomal dominant form of familial pompholyx.
- Atopy: As many as 50% of patients with dyshidrotic eczema have reportedly had personal or familial atopic diathesis (eczema, asthma, hayfever, allergic sinusitis).
- Serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) level frequently is increased, even in patients who do not report a personal or familial history of atopy.
- Occasionally, dyshidrotic eczema is the first manifestation of an atopic diathesis.
- Nickel sensitivity: This may be a significant factor in dyshidrotic eczema.
- Nickel sensitivity was reportedly low in some studies of dyshidrosis patients but significantly elevated in other studies.
- Increased nickel excretion in the urine has been reported during exacerbations of pompholyx.
- Ingested metals have been found to provoke exacerbations of pompholyx in some patients.
- Low-nickel diets: These have reportedly decreased the frequency and severity of pompholyx flares.
- A high palmoplantar perspiration rate has been suggested to result in a local concentration of metal salts that may provoke the vesicular reaction.
- Contact allergy has been documented in 30% of patients with dyshidrotic eczema.
- Id reaction: Dyshidrotic eczema outbreaks are not always associated with exposure to sensitizing chemicals or metals (eg, chromium, cobalt, carba mix, fragrance mix, diaminodiphenylmethane, dichromates, benzoisothiazolones, paraphenylenediamine, perfumes, fragrances, balsam of Peru, primula plant). Controversy surrounds the possible existence of an id reaction, which is a distant dermatophyte infection (tinea pedis, kerion of scalp) triggering a palmar pompholyx reaction (also termed pompholyx dermatophytid).
- Fungal infection: Pompholyx occasionally resolves when a tinea pedis infection is treated, then relapses when the fungal infection recurs, supporting the existence of this reaction pattern. Of patients who have a vesicular reaction to intradermal trichophytin testing, less than one third have experienced a resolution of pompholyx after treatment with antifungal agents.
- Emotional stress: This is a possible factor in dyshidrotic eczema. Many patients report recurrences of pompholyx during stressful periods. Improvement of dyshidrotic eczema using biofeedback techniques for stress reduction supports this hypothesis.
- Other factors: Isolated reports of other possible causative factors exist, such as aspirin ingestion, oral contraceptives, cigarette smoking, and implanted metals.
More on Dyshidrotic Eczema |
 Overview: Dyshidrotic Eczema |
| Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Dyshidrotic Eczema |
| Treatment & Medication: Dyshidrotic Eczema |
| Follow-up: Dyshidrotic Eczema |
| Multimedia: Dyshidrotic Eczema |
| References |
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References
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Further Reading
Keywords
pompholyx, vesicular palmoplantar eczema, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, hand eczema, atopic diathesis, asthma, hay fever, allergic sinusitis, contact allergens, intravenous immunoglobulin therapy, interdigital maceration, desquamation of interdigital spaces, cellulitis, lymphangitis, Dyshidrotic Eczema Area and Severity Index, allergy to ingested metals, dermatophyte infection, emotional stress, nickel sensitivity, id reaction, tinea pedis infection, kerion of scalp, pompholyx dermatophytid, palmar pompholyx reaction, aspirin ingestion, oral contraceptives, cigarette smoking, implanted metals
