Milker's Nodules Follow-up

  • Author: Justin Finch, MD; Chief Editor: William D James, MD   more...
 
Updated: Mar 26, 2012
 

Deterrence/Prevention

Isolate clinically infected animals from contact with humans who have not had previous exposure. Animals have typical lesions of circinate or horseshoe-shaped crusted erosions around the moist surfaces of the mouth and the nose or papules and erosions around the teats. They may have alopecia of lesions on hair-bearing surfaces. Lesions can be recurrent or chronic in cows.

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Complications

Various reports caution against the possibility of bacterial superinfection in milker's nodules, although the authors' literature search did not find any reported cases.

Reports exist of generalized exanthem, erythema multiforme, or bullous erythema multiforme following infection with milker's nodule.[17] One case reported spontaneous resolution of exanthem at 1 week.

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Prognosis

The prognosis is excellent in milker’s nodules, a self-limited disease that results in little or no scarring.

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Justin Finch, MD  Resident Physician, Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine

Justin Finch, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Steven Brett Sloan, MD  Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine; Residency Site Director, Connecticut Veterans Affairs Healthcare System; Volunteer Clinical Instructor, Yale University School of Medicine

Steven Brett Sloan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, and Connecticut State Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Franklin Flowers, MD  Chief, Division of Dermatology, Professor, Department of Medicine and Otolaryngology, Affiliate Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine

Franklin Flowers, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Mohs Micrographic Surgery and Cutaneous Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael J Wells, MD  Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L Foster School of Medicine

Michael J Wells, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Paul Krusinski, MD  Director of Dermatology, Fletcher Allen Health Care; Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine

Paul Krusinski, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Physicians, and Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Catherine M Quirk, MD  Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania

Catherine M Quirk, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha and American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

William D James, MD  Paul R Gross Professor of Dermatology, Vice-Chairman, Residency Program Director, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

William D James, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology and Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Elsevier Royalty Other

Additional Contributors

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous authors, Gary W. Cole, MD, and Lily L. Tinkle, MD, PhD, to the development and writing of this article.

References

  1. Tikkanen MK, McInnes CJ, Mercer AA, et al. Recent isolates of parapoxvirus of Finnish reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) are closely related to bovine pseudocowpox virus. J Gen Virol. Jun 2004;85:1413-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  2. Hautaniemi M, Ueda N, Tuimala J, Mercer AA, Lahdenperä J, McInnes CJ. The genome of pseudocowpoxvirus: comparison of a reindeer isolate and a reference strain. J Gen Virol. Jun 2010;91:1560-76.

  3. Lauder IM, Martin B, Martin WB, Nagington J. Milkers' nodule virus infection and its resemblance to orf. Vet Rec. Jun 25 1966;78(26):926. [Medline].

  4. Wolff, Klaus, Richard Johnson, and Thomas Fitzpatrick. Fitzpatrick's Color Atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology. 6th Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2009:768.

  5. Taieb A, Guillot M, Carlotti D, Maleville J. Orf and pregnancy. Int J Dermatol. Jan-Feb 1988;27(1):31-3. [Medline].

  6. Bolognia J, Jorizzo J, Rapini R, eds. Dermatology. Vol. 2. 2nd ed. Spain: Mosby; 2008:1231.

  7. Schuler G, Hackl JM. [Multiple atypical milker's nodes in scalded areas]. Hautarzt. Jul 1982;33(7):388-90. [Medline].

  8. Schuler G, Hönigsmann H, Wolff K. The syndrome of milker's nodules in burn injury: evidence for indirect viral transmission. J Am Acad Dermatol. Mar 1982;6(3):334-9. [Medline].

  9. Li Y, Meyer H, Zhao H, Damon IK. G+C content based universal PCR assays for poxviruses detection: "Pan_Pox". J Clin Microbiol. Nov 11 2009;[Medline].

  10. Töndury B, Kühne A, Kutzner H, Palmedo G, Lautenschlager S, Borelli S. Molecular diagnostics of parapox virus infections. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2010 May 18. [Epub ahead of print].

  11. Davis CM, Musil G, Trochet JA. Electron microscopy for the rapid diagnosis of pseudocowpox and Milker's nodule. Am J Vet Res. Aug 1970;31(8):1497-503. [Medline].

  12. Davis CM, Musil G. Milker's nodule. A clinical and electron microscopic report. Arch Dermatol. Mar 1970;101(3):305-11. [Medline].

  13. Requena L, Requena C. Histopathology of the more common viral skin infections. Actas Dermosifiliogr. Apr 2010;101(3):201-216.

  14. Weedon D & Strutton G. Skin Pathology. 2nd Ed. London, England: Churchhill Livingstone; 2002:461.

  15. Shelley WB, Shelley ED. Surgical treatment of farmyard pox. Orf, milker's nodules, bovine papular stomatitis pox. Cutis. Feb 1983;31(2):191-2. [Medline].

  16. Ceovic R, Pasic A, Lipozencic J, et al. Milker's nodule--case report. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2007;15(2):88-91. [Medline].

  17. Kuokkanen K, Launis J, Morttinen A. Erythema nodosum and erythema multiforme associated with milker's nodules. Acta Derm Venereol. 1976;56(1):69-72. [Medline].

 
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