Multiple Sclerosis: Multimedia

References

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12. Vos CM, van Haastert ES, de Groot CJ, van der Valk P, de Vries HE. Matrix metalloproteinase-12 is expressed in phagocytotic macrophages in active multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neuroimmunol. May 2003;138(1-2):106-14. [Medline].

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14. [Best Evidence] Polman CH, O'Connor PW, Havrdova E, Hutchinson M, Kappos L, Miller DH, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. Mar 2 2006;354(9):899-910. [Medline].

15. The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. Apr 1993;43(4):655-61. [Medline].

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30. Goodin DS, Frohman EM, Garmany GP, et al. Disease modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the MS Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines. Neurology. Jan 22 2002;58(2):169-78. [Medline].

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34. Pittock SJ, Mayr WT, McClelland RL, et al. Disability profile of MS did not change over 10 years in a population-based prevalence cohort. Neurology. Feb 24 2004;62(4):601-6. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

multiple sclerosis, MS, multiple sclerosis treatment, multiple sclerosis symptoms, MS symptoms, MS treatment, multiple sclerosis diagnosis, myelin, inflammatory disease of central nervous system, demyelinating disease, sclerosis in plaques, CNS disease, disseminated sclerosis, focal sclerosis, insular sclerosis, elevated immunoglobulin G, interleukin-12, IL-12, B7-1, relapsing remitting MS, RRMS

secondary progressive MS, SPMS, primary progressive MS, PPMS, relapsing progressive MS, RPMS, brain atrophy, spinal cord atrophy, short-term memory problems, difficulty executing sequential tasks, visuospatial disturbances, benign MS, cognitive dysfunction, mental slowing, cognitive slowing, lack of sleep, optic nerve dysfunction, Uhthoff phenomenon, Marburg variant of MS

necrotizing myelopathy, neuromyelitis optica, Devic disease, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, ADEM, Schilder disease, Baló concentric sclerosis, ataxia, hemiparesis, paraparesis, depression, bipolar disorder, dementia, optic neuritis, orbital pain, patchy loss of vision, cecocentral scotoma, afferent pupillary defect

facial palsies, trigeminal neuralgia, facial myokymia, nystagmus, internuclear ophthalmoplegia, painful limb syndromes, central vertigo, diplopia, dysarthria, pseudobulbar affect, social disinhibition, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy, CIDP, conversion reactions, la belle indifference, urinary retention

urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction, Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale, immune dysfunction, HLA-DR2 allele, pro-demyelinative tumor necrosis factor alpha molecule, pro-inflammatory interferon gamma, proinflammatory interferon gamma

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Fernando Dangond, MD, Senior Director of Medical Affairs, Neurology, EMD Serono, Inc
Fernando Dangond, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology and American Medical Association
Disclosure: EMD Serono, Inc. Salary Employment

Medical Editor

William J Nowack, MD, Associate Professor, Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center
William J Nowack, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Clinical Neurophysiology Society, American Epilepsy Society, American Medical Electroencephalographic Association, American Medical Informatics Association, and Biomedical Engineering Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Florian P Thomas, MD, MA, PhD, Drmed, Director, Spinal Cord Injury Unit, St Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Director, National MS Society Multiple Sclerosis Center; Professor, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Associate Professor, Institute for Molecular Virology, and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St Louis University
Florian P Thomas, MD, MA, PhD, Drmed is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Paraplegia Society, and National Multiple Sclerosis Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Selim R Benbadis, MD, Professor, Director of Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of South Florida School of Medicine, Tampa General Hospital
Selim R Benbadis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American Clinical Neurophysiology Society, American Epilepsy Society, and American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

B Mark Keegan, MD, FRCPC, Assistant Professor of Neurology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic; Master's Faculty, Mayo Graduate School; Consultant, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester
B Mark Keegan, MD, FRCPC is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Medical Association, and Minnesota Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.