Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis Clinical Presentation

  • Author: R Andrew Sewell, MD; Chief Editor: Stephen A Berman, MD, PhD, MBA   more...
 
Updated: Feb 3, 2012
 

History

  • Meningeal symptoms are the first manifestations in some patients; however, most patients already have widespread and progressive cancer with few therapeutic options left.
  • A high index of suspicion is necessary, and involvement of multiple anatomic sites in the CNS should raise the suspicion for LC, although multiple metastases are more likely with that presentation.
  • The symptoms are protean and can include the following:
    • Headaches (usually associated with nausea, vomiting, lightheadedness)
    • Gait difficulties from weakness or ataxia
    • Memory problems
    • Incontinence
    • Sensory abnormalities
  • Pain and seizures are the most common presenting complaints.
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Physical

  • Signs generally exceed patient-reported symptoms.
  • Involvement of the CNS is divided into the following 3 broad anatomical groups:
    • Cerebral involvement results in headache, lethargy, papilledema, behavior changes, and gait disturbance (the latter can be due to either cerebellar or cauda equina involvement). Major dysfunction, such as hemiparesis and hemisensory loss or visual field defects, is rare and more indicative of parenchymal metastasis.
    • Cranial-nerve involvement presents with impaired vision, diplopia (most common), hearing loss, and sensory deficits, including vertigo. Palsies of cranial nerves III, V, and VI are most common; palsy of nerve VII is less common. Solid tumor-derived LC has a higher affinity for the optic and extraocular nerves, while leukemic meningitis preferentially affects the facial nerve. Involvement of multiple cranial nerves is the rule rather than the exception.
    • Spinal-root involvement is caused by either meningeal irritation, presenting with nuchal rigidity (15%) and neck and back pain (rare), or invasion of the spinal roots. The latter can cause leg weakness, radiculopathy (usually lumbar, mimicking a herniated disk), reflex asymmetry or loss (most common, noted in 70% of patients), sphincter incontinence (less common), positive Babinski reflexes, paresthesias, and numbness. Asymptomatic bladder enlargement can occur from spinal cord compression. Spinal-root symptoms are usually followed by cranial-nerve symptoms. Nuchal rigidity, positive results on the straight-leg raising test, and decreased rectal tone are rare.
  • Over the course of the disease, cranial-nerve deficits are the most frequent signs, occurring in 94% of patients. Although these are seldom the presenting complaint (30% of patients), mild cranial-nerve abnormalities are usually present on physical examination; the abnormalities typically include diplopia, dysphagia, dysarthria, and hearing loss. However, most patients do not have isolated cranial-nerve deficits; rather, they have a combination of cranial-nerve, cerebral, and spinal signs.
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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

R Andrew Sewell, MD  Associate Research Scientist in Psychiatry and Mental Illness Research, Education,Veterans Affairs Connecticut Health Care System, Yale University School of Medicine

R Andrew Sewell, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Headache Society, American Pain Society, and American Psychiatric Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Lawrence D Recht, MD  Professor of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurosciences, Stanford University Medical School

Lawrence D Recht, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Association for Cancer Research, American Neurological Association, and Society for Neuroscience

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Frederick M Vincent Sr, MD  Clinical Professor, Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University Colleges of Human and Osteopathic Medicine

Frederick M Vincent Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American College of Forensic Examiners, American College of Legal Medicine, American College of Physicians, and Michigan State Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD  Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Jorge C Kattah, MD  Head, Associate Program Director, Professor, Department of Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria

Jorge C Kattah, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Neurological Association, and New York Academy of Sciences

Disclosure: Biogen Honoraria Consulting; Bayer Corporation Honoraria Consulting

Selim R Benbadis, MD  Professor, Director of Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Tampa General Hospital, University of South Florida College of Medicine

Selim R Benbadis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American Clinical Neurophysiology Society, American Epilepsy Society, and American Medical Association

Disclosure: UCB Pharma Honoraria Speaking, consulting; Lundbeck Honoraria Speaking, consulting; Cyberonics Honoraria Speaking, consulting; Glaxo Smith Kline Honoraria Speaking, consulting; Pfizer Honoraria Speaking, consulting; Sleepmed/DigiTrace Honoraria Speaking, consulting

Chief Editor

Stephen A Berman, MD, PhD, MBA  Professor of Neurology, University of Central Florida College of Medicine

Stephen A Berman, MD, PhD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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