Intracranial Hemorrhage: Multimedia

References

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2. Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Brass LM, et al. Phenylpropanolamine and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. N Engl J Med. Dec 21 2000;343(25):1826-32. [Medline].

3. Vespa PM, O'Phelan K, Shah M, Mirabelli J, Starkman S, Kidwell C, et al. Acute seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage: a factor in progressive midline shift and outcome. Neurology. May 13 2003;60(9):1441-6. [Medline].

4. Woo D, Haverbusch M, Sekar P. Effect of untreated hypertension on hemorrhagic stroke. Stroke. Jul 2004;35(7):1703-8. [Medline].

5. Wada R, Aviv RI, Fox AJ, Sahlas DJ, Gladstone DJ, Tomlinson G, et al. CT angiography "spot sign" predicts hematoma expansion in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. Apr 2007;38(4):1257-62. [Medline].

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8. [Best Evidence] Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K. Recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. Feb 24 2005;352(8):777-85. [Medline].

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21. [Best Evidence] Chalela JA, Kidwell CS, Nentwich LM, Luby M, Butman JA, Demchuk AM, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in emergency assessment of patients with suspected acute stroke: a prospective comparison. Lancet. Jan 27 2007;369(9558):293-8. [Medline].

22. Chiquete E, Ruiz-Sandoval MC, Alvarez-Palazuelos LE, Padilla-Martínez JJ, González-Cornejo S, Ruiz-Sandoval JL. Hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage in the very elderly. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;24(2-3):196-201. [Medline].

23. Connor MD, Modi G, Warlow CP. Accuracy of the Siriraj and Guy's Hospital Stroke Scores in urban South Africans. Stroke. Jan 2007;38(1):62-8. [Medline].

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29. Hankey GJ, Hon C. Surgery for primary intracerebral hemorrhage: is it safe and effective? A systematic review of case series and randomized trials. Stroke. Nov 1997;28(11):2126-32. [Medline].

30. Hart RG, Boop BS, Anderson DC. Oral anticoagulants and intracranial hemorrhage. Facts and hypotheses. Stroke. Aug 1995;26(8):1471-7. [Medline].

31. Ivascu FA, Howells GA, Junn FS. Rapid warfarin reversal in anticoagulated patients with traumatic intracranial hemorrhage reduces hemorrhage progression and mortality. J Trauma. Nov 2005;59(5):1131-7; discussion 1137-9. [Medline].

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33. Kang HS, Han MH, Kwon OK, Kwon BJ, Kim SH, Oh CW. Intracranial hemorrhage after carotid angioplasty: a pooled analysis. J Endovasc Ther. Feb 2007;14(1):77-85. [Medline].

34. Kassner A, Roberts T, Taylor K. Prediction of hemorrhage in acute ischemic stroke using permeability MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. Oct 2005;26(9):2213-7. [Medline].

35. Khatri P, Broderick JP, Khoury JC, Carrozzella JA, Tomsick TA. Microcatheter contrast injections during intra-arterial thrombolysis may increase intracranial hemorrhage risk. Stroke. Dec 2008;39(12):3283-7. [Medline].

36. Khatri P, Wechsler LR, Broderick JP. Intracranial hemorrhage associated with revascularization therapies. Stroke. Feb 2007;38(2):431-40. [Medline].

37. Kidwell CS, Chalela JA, Saver JL. Comparison of MRI and CT for detection of acute intracerebral hemorrhage. JAMA. Oct 20 2004;292(15):1823-30. [Medline].

38. Klatsky AL, Friedman GD, Sidney S. Risk of hemorrhagic stroke in Asian American ethnic groups. Neuroepidemiology. 2005;25(1):26-31. [Medline].

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40. Leira R, Davalos A, Silva Y. Early neurologic deterioration in intracerebral hemorrhage: predictors and associated factors. Neurology. Aug 10 2004;63(3):461-7. [Medline].

41. Liu-DeRyke X, Rhoney D. Hemostatic therapy for the treatment of intracranial hemorrhage. Pharmacotherapy. Apr 2008;28(4):485-95. [Medline].

42. Lo WD, Lee J, Rusin J, Perkins E, Roach ES. Intracranial hemorrhage in children: an evolving spectrum. Arch Neurol. Dec 2008;65(12):1629-33. [Medline].

43. Lu A, Tang Y, Ran R. Brain genomics of intracerebral hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. Feb 2006;26(2):230-52. [Medline].

44. Mascitelli L, Pezzetta F, Goldstein MR. Hemorrhagic stroke in the SPARCL study. Stroke. Nov 2008;39(11):e180; author reply e181. [Medline].

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47. Narayan RK, Maas AI, Marshall LF, Servadei F, Skolnick BE, Tillinger MN. Recombinant factor VIIA in traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage: results of a dose-escalation clinical trial. Neurosurgery. Apr 2008;62(4):776-86; discussion 786-8. [Medline].

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49. Ogasawara K, Sakai N, Kuroiwa T, Hosoda K, Iihara K, Toyoda K, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage associated with cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome following carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting: retrospective review of 4494 patients. J Neurosurg. Dec 2007;107(6):1130-6. [Medline].

50. Oppenheim C, Touze E, Hernalsteen D. Comparison of five MR sequences for the detection of acute intracranial hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005;20(5):388-94. [Medline].

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52. [Best Evidence] Prasad K, Mendelow AD, Gregson B. Surgery for primary supratentorial intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Oct 8 2008;CD000200. [Medline].

53. Qureshi AI, Mohammad YM, Yahia AM. A prospective multicenter study to evaluate the feasibility and safety of aggressive antihypertensive treatment in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. J Intensive Care Med. Jan-Feb 2005;20(1):34-42. [Medline].

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58. Steiner T, Rosand J, Diringer M. Intracerebral hemorrhage associated with oral anticoagulant therapy: current practices and unresolved questions. Stroke. Jan 2006;37(1):256-62. [Medline].

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Further Reading

Keywords

intracranial hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, intracranial hematoma, intracerebral hematoma, intraparenchymal hematoma, epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, intracranial pressure

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

David S Liebeskind, MD, Associate Professor of Neurology, Program Director, Vascular Neurology Residency Program, University of California at Los Angeles; Neurology Director, Stroke Imaging Program, Co-Medical Director, Cerebral Blood Flow Laboratory, Associate Neurology Director, UCLA Stroke Center
David S Liebeskind, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, American Society of Neuroimaging, American Society of Neuroradiology, National Stroke Association, and Stroke Council of the American Heart Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Jeffrey L Saver, MD, Director, Stroke Center, Professor, Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center
Jeffrey L Saver, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Heart Association, American Neurological Association, and National Stroke Association
Disclosure: Boehringer-Ingelheim - Secondary Prevention Consulting fee Consulting; Talacris Consulting fee Consulting; ImaRx Consulting fee Consulting

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Howard S Kirshner, MD, Professor of Neurology, Psychiatry and Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vice Chairman, Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Director, Vanderbilt Stroke Center; Program Director, Stroke Service, Vanderbilt Stallworth Rehabilitation Hospital; Consulting Staff, Department of Neurology, Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Howard S Kirshner, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Neurology, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, American Neurological Association, American Society of Neurorehabilitation, National Stroke Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Tennessee Medical Association
Disclosure: Boehringer Ingelheim Honoraria Speaking and teaching; BMS/Sanofi Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Novartis Honoraria Speaking and teaching

CME Editor

Selim R Benbadis, MD, Professor, Director of Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of South Florida School of Medicine, Tampa General Hospital
Selim R Benbadis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American Clinical Neurophysiology Society, American Epilepsy Society, and American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Helmi L Lutsep, MD, Professor, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University; Associate Director, Oregon Stroke Center
Helmi L Lutsep, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology and American Stroke Association
Disclosure: Co-Axia Consulting fee Review panel membership; Talecris Consulting fee Review panel membership; AGA Medical Consulting fee Review panel membership; Boehringer Ingelheim Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Concentric Medical Consulting fee Review panel membership; Abbott Consulting fee Consulting; Sanofi  Consulting