Adrenal Crisis: Multimedia

References

1. Loriaux DL, Fleseriu M. Relative adrenal insufficiency. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. Aug 3 2009;[Medline].

2. Annane D, Sebille V, Charpentier C, et al. Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA. Aug 21 2002;288(7):862-71. [Medline]. [Full Text].

3. Weant KA, Sasaki-Adams D, Dziedzic K, et al. Acute relative adrenal insufficiency after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. Oct 2008;63(4):645-9; discussion 649-50. [Medline].

4. Guillamondegui OD, Gunter OL, Patel S, et al. Acute adrenal insufficiency may affect outcome in the trauma patient. Am Surg. Apr 2009;75(4):287-90. [Medline].

5. Arlt W. The approach to the adult with newly diagnosed adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Apr 2009;94(4):1059-67. [Medline].

6. Hahner S, Allolio B. Therapeutic management of adrenal insufficiency. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. Apr 2009;23(2):167-79. [Medline].

7. Ahlawat SK, Jain S, Kumari S, Varma S, Sharma BK. Pheochromocytoma associated with pregnancy: case report and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surv. Nov 1999;54(11):728-37. [Medline].

8. Aono J, Mamiya K, Ueda W. Abrupt onset of adrenal crisis during routine preoperative examination in a patient with unknown Addison's disease. Anesthesiology. Jan 1999;90(1):313-4. [Medline].

9. Arafah BM. Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal function during critical illness: limitations of current assessment methods. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Oct 2006;91(10):3725-45. [Full Text].

10. Axelrod L. Perioperative management of patients treated with glucocorticoids. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. Jun 2003;32(2):367-83. [Medline].

11. Chin R. Adrenal crisis. Crit Care Clin. Jan 1991;7(1):23-42. [Medline].

12. Cronin CC, Callaghan N, Kearney PJ, et al. Addison disease in patients treated with glucocorticoid therapy. Arch Intern Med. Feb 24 1997;157(4):456-8. [Medline].

13. Iga K, Hori K, Gen H. Deep negative T waves associated with reversible left ventricular dysfunction in acute adrenal crisis. Heart Vessels. 1992;7(2):107-11. [Medline].

14. Koo DJ, Jackman D, Chaudry IH, Wang P. Adrenal insufficiency during the late stage of polymicrobial sepsis. Crit Care Med. Mar 2001;29(3):618-22. [Medline].

15. Nicholson G, Burrin JM, Hall GM. Peri-operative steroid supplementation. Anaesthesia. Nov 1998;53(11):1091-104. [Medline].

16. Obenour RA, Ross S. Adrenal Crisis. Hospital Formulary of the University of Tennessee Medical Center [serial online]. 1999;Available at http://www.cushings-help.com/adrenal-crisis.htm.

17. Passmore JM Jr. Adrenal Cortex. Clinics in Critical Care Medicine. 1985;97-134.

18. Rao RH. Bilateral massive adrenal hemorrhage. Med Clin North Am. Jan 1995;79(1):107-29. [Medline].

19. Rao RH, Vagnucci AH, Amico JA. Bilateral massive adrenal hemorrhage: early recognition and treatment. Ann Intern Med. Feb 1 1989;110(3):227-35. [Medline].

20. Schroeder S, Wichers M, Klingmuller D, et al. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of patients with severe sepsis: altered response to corticotropin-releasing hormone. Crit Care Med. Feb 2001;29(2):310-6. [Medline].

21. Vella A, Nippoldt TB, Morris JC 3rd. Adrenal hemorrhage: a 25-year experience at the Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clin Proc. Feb 2001;76(2):161-8. [Medline].

22. Williams GH, Dluhy RG. Disease of the Adrenal Cortex. In: Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 13^th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1994:1953-76.

23. Xarli VP, Steele AA, Davis PJ, et al. Adrenal hemorrhage in the adult. Medicine (Baltimore). May 1978;57(3):211-21. [Medline].

24. Zaloga GP. In: Zaloga G, MacGregor D, eds. The Critical Care Drug Handbook. New York, NY: Mosby Yearbook; 1991.

Further Reading

Related eMedicine topics:
Adrenal Insufficiency and Adrenal Crisis
Adrenal Disease and Pregnancy
Adrenal Hemorrhage [Endocrinology]
Adrenal Hemorrhage [Radiology]
Adrenal Insufficiency
Septic Shock
Shock, Septic

Clinical guidelines:
Managing asthma during pregnancy: recommendations for pharmacologic treatment.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.) - Federal Government Agency [U.S.].  2005 Jan.  57 pages.  NGC:004014

Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine.
Society of Critical Care Medicine - Professional Association.  2008 Jun.  13 pages.  NGC:006612

Clinical trials:
Adrenal Insufficiency in Critical Emergencies in Digestive Diseases

Adrenal Insufficiency in Septic Shock

Adrenal Function in Critical Illness

Keywords

adrenal crisis, adrenal insufficiency, cortisol, gland adrenal, adrenal, adrenal gland, cortisol levels, adrenal supplements, acute adrenal crisis, acute adrenal insufficiency, acute adrenocortical insufficiency, Addisonian crisis, adrenal apoplexy, aldosterone, primary adrenocortical insufficiency, secondary adrenocortical insufficiency, bilateral massive adrenal hemorrhage, BMAH, endocrine disorder

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Lisa Kirkland, MD, FACP, CNSP, MSHA, Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, Mayo Clinic; ANW Intensivists, Abbott Northwestern Hospital
Lisa Kirkland, MD, FACP, CNSP, MSHA is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, Society of Critical Care Medicine, and Society of Hospital Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

David M Klachko, MBBCh, Professor Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Missouri
David M Klachko, MBBCh is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, Endocrine Society, Missouri State Medical Association, and Sigma Xi
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Don S Schalch, MD, Professor Emeritus, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics
Don S Schalch, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, Central Society for Clinical Research, and Endocrine Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Mark Cooper, MBBS, PhD, FRACP, Head, Diabetes & Metabolism Division, Baker Heart Research Institute, Professor of Medicine, Monash University
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

George T Griffing, MD, Professor of Medicine, St Louis University School of Medicine
George T Griffing, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Medical Practice Executives, American College of Physician Executives, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, Central Society for Clinical Research, Endocrine Society, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, and Southern Society for Clinical Investigation
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.