HIV-1 Associated Opportunistic Infections - CNS Cryptococcosis: Multimedia

References

1. Antinori S, Radice A, Galimberti L. The role of cryptococcal antigen assay in diagnosis and monitoring of cryptococcal meningitis. J Clin Microbiol. Nov 2005;43(11):5828-9. [Medline].

2. Gendelman HE, Lipton SA, Epstein L. The Neurology of AIDS. New York: Chapman & Hall;1998.

3. Hajjeh RA, Conn LA, Stephens DS, et al. Cryptococcosis: population-based multistate active surveillance and risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. Cryptococcal Active Surveillance Group. J Infect Dis. Feb 1999;179(2):449-54. [Medline].

4. Kaplan JE, Hanson D, Dworkin MS, et al. Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated opportunistic infections in the United States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. Apr 2000;30 Suppl 1:S5-14. [Medline].

5. Klepser ME, Klepser TB. Drug treatment of HIV-related opportunistic infections. Drugs. Jan 1997;53(1):40-73. [Medline].

6. Mirza SA, Phelan M, Rimland D, et al. The changing epidemiology of cryptococcosis: an update from population-based active surveillance in 2 large metropolitan areas, 1992-2000. Clin Infect Dis. Mar 15 2003;36(6):789-94. [Medline].

7. Offiah CE, Turnbull IW. The imaging appearances of intracranial CNS infections in adult HIV and AIDS patients. Clin Radiol. May 2006;61(5):393-401. [Medline].

8. Pappas PG, Bustamante B, Ticona E, et al. Recombinant interferon- gamma 1b as adjunctive therapy for AIDS-related acute cryptococcal meningitis. J Infect Dis. Jun 15 2004;189(12):2185-91. [Medline].

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10. Saag MS, Graybill RJ, Larsen RA, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. Apr 2000;30(4):710-8. [Medline].

11. Said G, Saimont AG, Lacroix C. Neurological complications of HIV and AIDS. Philadelphia: WB Saunders;1998.

12. Schwartz P, Janbon G, Dromer F. Combination of amphotericin B with flucytosine is active in vitro against flucytosine-resistant isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2006;51:383-85. [Medline].

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Further Reading

Keywords

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, fungal infection of the nervous system, space-occupying lesion, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, HIV infection, AIDS-defining illness, Cryptococcus neoformans, C neoformans, cryptococcal CNS disease, cryptococcal disease, cryptococcal meningitis, highly active antiretroviral therapy, HAART, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, CNS cryptococcosis, HIV-1 associated opportunistic infections

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Niranjan N Singh, MD, DNB, Assistant Professor of Neurology, University of Missouri Columbia
Niranjan N Singh, MD, DNB is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Florian P Thomas, MD, MA, PhD, Drmed, Director, Spinal Cord Injury Unit, St Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Director, National MS Society Multiple Sclerosis Center; Professor, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Associate Professor, Institute for Molecular Virology, and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St Louis University
Florian P Thomas, MD, MA, PhD, Drmed is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Paraplegia Society, and National Multiple Sclerosis Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Vitor Pacheco, MD, Staff Physician, Department of Neurology, St Louis University Hospital
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Ronald A Greenfield, MD, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine
Ronald A Greenfield, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Society for Microbiology, Central Society for Clinical Research, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Medical Mycology Society of the Americas, Phi Beta Kappa, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation, and Southwestern Association of Clinical Microbiology
Disclosure: Pfizer Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Gilead Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Ortho McNeil Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Wyeth Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Abbott Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Astellas Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Cubist  Speaking and teaching

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
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Managing Editor

Richard J Caselli, MD, Professor, Department of Neurology, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, MN; Chair, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic of Scottsdale
Richard J Caselli, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American Medical Association, American Neurological Association, and Sigma Xi
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Selim R Benbadis, MD, Professor, Director of Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of South Florida School of Medicine, Tampa General Hospital
Selim R Benbadis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, American Clinical Neurophysiology Society, American Epilepsy Society, and American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Nicholas Y Lorenzo, MD, Chief Editor, eMedicine Neurology; Consulting Staff, Neurology Specialists and Consultants
Nicholas Y Lorenzo, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha and American Academy of Neurology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.