eMedicine Specialties > Neurology > Neurological Infections

Viral Meningitis: Multimedia

Author: Amir Vokshoor, MD, Staff Neurosurgeon, Department of Neurosurgery, Spine Surgeon, Diagnostic and Interventional Spinal Care, St John's Health Center
Coauthor(s): Cordia Wan, MD, Staff Neurologist, Beverly Hills Pain and Neurology Institute
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Oct 28, 2009

Multimedia

T1-weighted MRI of brain demonstrates diffuse enh...Media file 1: T1-weighted MRI of brain demonstrates diffuse enhancement of the meninges in viral meningoencephalitis.
T1-weighted MRI of brain demonstrates diffuse enh...

T1-weighted MRI of brain demonstrates diffuse enhancement of the meninges in viral meningoencephalitis.

This rash consists of an enlarging annular plaque...Media file 2: This rash consists of an enlarging annular plaque. Image courtesy of Lyme Disease Network (http://www.lymenet.org/).
This rash consists of an enlarging annular plaque...

This rash consists of an enlarging annular plaque. Image courtesy of Lyme Disease Network (http://www.lymenet.org/).

More on Viral Meningitis

Overview: Viral Meningitis
Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Viral Meningitis
Treatment & Medication: Viral Meningitis
Follow-up: Viral Meningitis
Multimedia: Viral Meningitis
References

References

  1. CDC. Final 2008 West Nile Virus Activityin the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&controlCaseCount08_detailed.htm. Accessed September 1, 2009.

  2. Hviid A, Rubin S, Mühlemann K. Mumps. Lancet. Mar 15 2008;371(9616):932-44. [Medline].

  3. INTERNATIONAL NOTEGLOBAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON VACCINE SAFETY, 11-12 JUNE, 2003. Canada Communicable Disease Report; April 1, 2004. [Full Text].

  4. Weekly Epidemiological Record. No. 3, 2007, 82. World Health Organization; January 19, 2007. 18-22. [Full Text].

  5. Landry ML, Greenwold J, Vikram HR. Herpes simplex type-2 meningitis: presentation and lack of standardized therapy. Am J Med. Jul 2009;122(7):688-91. [Medline].

  6. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Clears Rapid Test for Meningitis. FDA. Available at http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2007/ucm108870.htm. Accessed September 1, 2009.

  7. King RL, Lorch SA, Cohen DM, Hodinka RL, Cohn KA, Shah SS. Routine cerebrospinal fluid enterovirus polymerase chain reaction testing reduces hospitalization and antibiotic use for infants 90 days of age or younger. Pediatrics. Sep 2007;120(3):489-96. [Medline].

  8. Nigrovic, Kuppermann, Macias et al. Clinical Prediction Rule for Identifying Children With Cerebrospinal Fluid Pleocytosis at Very Low Risk of Bacterial Meningitis. JAMA. Jan 3, 2007;297:52-60. [Full Text].

  9. Kanegaye JT, Nigrovic LE, Malley R, Cannavino CR, Schwab SH, Bennett JE, et al. Diagnostic value of immature neutrophils (bands) in the cerebrospinal fluid of children with cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis. Pediatrics. Jun 2009;123(6):e967-71. [Medline].

  10. Desmond RA, Accortt NA, Talley L, Villano SA, Soong SJ, Whitley RJ. Enteroviral meningitis: natural history and outcome of pleconaril therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Jul 2006;50(7):2409-14. [Medline][Full Text].

  11. Bobek MP, Sagher O. Aseptic meningitis caused by Teflon implantation for microvascular decompression. Case report. J Neurosurg. Jan 1999;90(1):145-7. [Medline].

  12. Cherry JD. Aseptic meningitis and viral meningitis. In: Feigin RD, Cherry JD, eds. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 2. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1998:450-57.

  13. Doherty RL, Jordan MC. Viral meningoencephalitis. In: Infectious Diseases. 5th ed. 1994:1092-100.

  14. Eppes SC, Nelson DK, Lewis LL, Klein JD. Characterization of Lyme meningitis and comparison with viral meningitis in children. Pediatrics. May 1999;103(5 Pt 1):957-60. [Medline].

  15. Hamilton MS, Jackson MA, Abel D. Clinical utility of polymerase chain reaction testing for enteroviral meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Jun 1999;18(6):533-7. [Medline].

  16. Huang CC, Liu CC, Chang YC, et al. Neurologic complications in children with enterovirus 71 infection. N Engl J Med. Sep 23 1999;341(13):936-42. [Medline].

  17. Ishii K, Kamei S, Takasu T. [Epidemiology of virus-related nervous infections in Japan]. Nippon Rinsho. Apr 1997;55(4):839-48. [Medline].

  18. Karande S, Patil S, Kulkarni M. Acute aseptic meningitis as the only presenting feature of leptospirosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Apr 2005;24(4):390-1. [Medline].

  19. Mohle-Boetani JC, Matkin C, Pallansch M, et al. Viral meningitis in child care center staff and parents: an outbreak of echovirus 30 infections. Public Health Rep. May-Jun 1999;114(3):249-56. [Medline].

  20. Moris G, Garcia-Monco JC. The challenge of drug-induced aseptic meningitis. Arch Intern Med. Jun 14 1999;159(11):1185-94. [Medline].

  21. Muir P, Kammerer U, Korn K. Molecular typing of enteroviruses: current status and future requirements. The European Union Concerted Action on Virus Meningitis and Encephalitis. Clin Microbiol Rev. Jan 1998;11(1):202-27. [Medline].

  22. Norris CM, Danis PG, Gardner TD. Aseptic meningitis in the newborn and young infant. Am Fam Physician. May 15 1999;59(10):2761-70. [Medline].

  23. Oostenbrink R, Moll HA, Moons KG. Predictive model for childhood meningitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Nov 2004;23(11):1070-1. [Medline].

  24. Powell S, Schochet SS. Selected pediatric viral infections. Semin Pediatr Neurol. Sep 1995;2(3):211-9. [Medline].

  25. Pérez-Vélez CM, Anderson MS, Robinson CC, McFarland EJ, Nix WA, Pallansch MA, et al. Outbreak of neurologic enterovirus type 71 disease: a diagnostic challenge. Clin Infect Dis. Oct 15 2007;45(8):950-7. [Medline].

  26. Rotbart HA. Viral meningitis and the aseptic meningitis syndrome. In: Lambert HP, ed. Infections of the Central Nervous System. Philadelphia: Decker; 1991:19-39.

  27. Sawyer MH. Enterovirus infections: diagnosis and treatment. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Dec 1999;18(12):1033-9; quiz 1040. [Medline].

  28. Sormunen P, Kallio MJ, Kilpi T, Peltola H. C-reactive protein is useful in distinguishing Gram stain-negative bacterial meningitis from viral meningitis in children. J Pediatr. Jun 1999;134(6):725-9. [Medline].

  29. Takeoka T. [Cerebrospinal fluid examination in the infectious meningitis and encephalitis]. Nippon Rinsho. Apr 1997;55(4):809-14. [Medline].

  30. Waisman Y, Lotem Y, Hemmo M, et al. Management of children with aseptic meningitis in the emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. Oct 1999;15(5):314-7. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

aseptic meningitis, serous meningitis, nonpyogenic leptomeningitis, abacterial meningitis, enterovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, viral meningitis, viral infection, herpes viruses, HSV-1, HSV-2, varicella zoster virus, VZV, B virus

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Amir Vokshoor, MD, Staff Neurosurgeon, Department of Neurosurgery, Spine Surgeon, Diagnostic and Interventional Spinal Care, St John's Health Center
Amir Vokshoor, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American Medical Association, and North American Spine Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Cordia Wan, MD, Staff Neurologist, Beverly Hills Pain and Neurology Institute
Cordia Wan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

J Stephen Huff, MD, Associate Professor, Emergency Medicine and Neurology, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center
J Stephen Huff, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Academy of Neurology, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Florian P Thomas, MD, MA, PhD, Drmed, Director, Spinal Cord Injury Unit, St Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Director, National MS Society Multiple Sclerosis Center; Professor, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Associate Professor, Institute for Molecular Virology, and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St Louis University
Florian P Thomas, MD, MA, PhD, Drmed is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Paraplegia Society, and National Multiple Sclerosis Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Nicholas Y Lorenzo, MD, Chief Editor, eMedicine Neurology; Consulting Staff, Neurology Specialists and Consultants
Nicholas Y Lorenzo, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha and American Academy of Neurology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

 
 
HONcode

We subscribe to the
HONcode principles of the
Health On the Net Foundation

All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright© 1994- by Medscape.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.