eMedicine Specialties > Neurology > Pediatric Neurology
Vein of Galen Malformation: Follow-up
Updated: Aug 20, 2008
Follow-up
Further Inpatient Care
- Infants who undergo surgical ligation or selective embolization should be reimaged to assess results of the therapeutic intervention.
- Head circumference measurements should be obtained in patients who undergo ventriculoperitoneal shunt to treat hydrocephalus.
Further Outpatient Care
- Patient should be monitored for the development of hydrocephalus.
Transfer
- Patients diagnosed with VGAM should be transferred to a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit where a pediatric neurologist, an interventional neuroradiologist, and a neurosurgeon are available for management of the infant.
Complications
- Over half the patients with VGAM have a malformation that cannot be corrected. Patients frequently die in the neonatal period or in early infancy.
The authors and editors of eMedicine gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author, Ernesto Tiznado-Garcia, MD, to the development and writing of this article.
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References
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Incorpora G, Pavone P, Platania N, et al. Vein of Galen malformation and infantile spasms. J Child Neurol. Mar 1999;14(3):196-8. [Medline].
Lasjaunias PL, Chng SM, Sachet M, Alvarez H, Rodesch G, Garcia-Monaco R. The management of vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations. Neurosurgery. Nov 2006;59(5 Suppl 3):S184-94; discussion S3-13. [Medline].
Lylyk P, Vinuela F, Dion JE, et al. Therapeutic alternatives for vein of Galen vascular malformations. J Neurosurg. Mar 1993;78(3):438-45. [Medline].
Moriarity JL, Steinberg GK. Surgical obliteration for vein of Galen malformation: a case report. Surg Neurol. Oct 1995;44(4):365-9; discussion 369-70. [Medline].
Iizuka Y, Kakihara T, Suzuki M, Komura S, Azusawa H. Endovascular remodeling technique for vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations--angiographic confirmation of a connection between the median prosencephalic vein and the deep venous system. J Neurosurg Pediatrics. Jan 2008;1(1):75-8. [Medline].
Feletti A, Denaro L, Marton E, d'Avella D, Longatti P. Endoscopic treatment of hydrocephalus due to aneurysm of the vein of Galen: case report and literature review. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. Oct 2007;50(5):285-91. [Medline].
De Koning TJ, Gooskens R, Veenhoven R, et al. Arteriovenous malformation of the vein of Galen in three neonates: emphasis on associated early ischaemic brain damage. Eur J Pediatr. 156(3):228-9. [Medline].
Porzionato A, Macchi V, Parenti A, De Caro R. Vein of Galen aneurysm: anatomical study of an adult autopsy case. Clin Anat. Sep 2004;17(6):458-62. [Medline].
Squires LA, Thomas S, Betz BW, Cottingham S. Vein of Galen malformation with diencephalic syndrome: a clinical pathologic report. J Child Neurol. Nov 1998;13(11):575-7. [Medline].
Further Reading
Keywords
vein of Galen, vein of Galen malformation, VGAM, aneurysmal malformations, vein of Markowski, high-output heart failure, high-output congestive heart failure, cerebral ischemic changes, strokes, steal phenomena, progressive hemiparesis, obstruction of the cerebrospinal fluid, hydrocephalus, congenital malformation, seizures, developmental delay
Follow-up: Vein of Galen Malformation