eMedicine Specialties > Neurology > Seizures and Epilepsy
Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures: Follow-up
Updated: May 6, 2009
Follow-up
Complications
Complications of generalized tonic-clonic seizures include the following:
- Head trauma and trauma to the tongue, lips, and cheeks
- Vertebral compression fractures
- Aspiration pneumonia
- Neurogenic pulmonary edema
- Cardiac arrhythmias
- Sudden death
Patient Education
For excellent patient education resources, visit eMedicine's Brain and Nervous System Center. Also, see eMedicine's patient education article Epilepsy.
Miscellaneous
Medicolegal Pitfalls
- Certain antiepileptic agents are enzyme inducers and decrease the levels of oral contraceptive agents. Warn patients of this and advise them to use additional contraceptive precaution while on enzyme-inducing medications like phenytoin, carbamazepine, and phenobarbital.
- The older first generation AEDs such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and valproic acid are all known teratogenic agents.
- Driving is restricted if patients are still having seizures as per each state laws.
More on Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures |
| Overview: Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures |
| Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures |
| Treatment & Medication: Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures |
Follow-up: Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures |
| References |
| « Previous Page |
References
Walczak TS, Leppik IE, D'Amelio M, Rarick J, So E, Ahman P, et al. Incidence and risk factors in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: a prospective cohort study. Neurology. Feb 27 2001;56(4):519-25. [Medline].
Morrell MJ. Differential diagnosis of seizures. Neurol Clin. Nov 1993;11(4):737-54. [Medline].
[Best Evidence] Marson AG, Al-Kharusi AM, Alwaidh M, Appleton R, Baker GA, Chadwick DW, et al. The SANAD study of effectiveness of valproate, lamotrigine, or topiramate for generalised and unclassifiable epilepsy: an unblinded randomised controlled trial. Lancet. Mar 24 2007;369(9566):1016-26. [Medline].
Peters DH, Sorkin EM. Zonisamide. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in epilepsy. Drugs. May 1993;45(5):760-87. [Medline].
Kluger G, Bauer B. Role of rufinamide in the management of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (childhood epileptic encephalopathy). Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. Feb 2007;3(1):3-11. [Medline].
[Best Evidence] Glauser T, Kluger G, Sachdeo R, Krauss G, Perdomo C, Arroyo S. Rufinamide for generalized seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Neurology. May 20 2008;70(21):1950-8. [Medline].
Epilepsy and other seizure disorders. In: Ropper AH and Samuels M, eds. Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2009.
Clark S, Wilson WA. Mechanisms of epileptogenesis. Adv Neurol. 1999;79:607-30. [Medline].
Engel J, Pedley TA. Generalized convulsive seizures. In: Engel J, Pedley TA, eds. Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook. 3 vol. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997:2417-2426.
Kerrigan JF, Fisher RS. Recurrent generalized and partial epilepsy. In: Current Therapy in Neurologic Disease. Philadelphia: BC Decker; 1997:52-53.
Further Reading
Keywords
partial seizures, tonic-clonic activity, tonic-clonic seizures, generalized tonic-clonic seizure, GTCS, epilepsy, generalized seizures, seizure treatment, focal seizures, localization-related seizures, sudden death in epilepsy, SUDEP, generalized convulsive seizures, grand mal seizure
Follow-up: Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures