eMedicine Specialties > Ophthalmology > Choroid
Angioid Streaks: Treatment & Medication
Updated: Oct 16, 2008
- Overview
- Differential Diagnoses & Workup
- Treatment & Medication
- Follow-up
- Multimedia
Treatment
Medical Care
Initially, patients are asymptomatic and no indication for prophylactic treatment is present. Angioid streaks are a generalized disorder of the Bruch membrane.
Angioid streaks are an uncommon entity to be studied and are treated as part of a controlled and randomized study. Treatment methods are based mainly on individual experience and extrapolation from the Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. Patients with angioid streaks are at higher risk of choroidal rupture and subretinal hemorrhage secondary to mild blunt trauma. They are advised to wear protective goggles and sports glasses when playing sports and during work.
Treatment options include observation, laser photocoagulation, and surgical removal of CNVM under the fovea. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for CNVM secondary to age-related macular degeneration (ARMD).
- Observation
- Initially, symptomatic patients complained of a decrease in their central visual acuity, and some developed distortion and metamorphopsia that was more disturbing than the associated central scotomas. Usually, central scotomas tend to increase in size if left untreated before subsequent scarring of the macula occurs.
- Early at the time of diagnosis, more than 50% of patients had vision of 20/40 or better; one half of them became legally blind at an average follow-up period of 3.5 years. Most eyes had vision 20/200 or worse after age 50 years.
- In one study, 11 untreated eyes with subretinal neovascular membranes all had a final visual acuity of counting fingers. Clarkson and Altman reported 29 patients seen on 2 occasions over a period of at least 6 months.4 Decreased vision of 2 lines or greater on the Snellen chart occurred in 13 of 29 patients.4
- Prophylactic laser treatment in clinically asymptomatic eyes without active choroidal neovascularization is not recommended. In one study, prophylactic treatment was associated with an increased incidence of neovascularization at the site of treatment. However, patients who received laser photocoagulation noticed a decrease in the size of their central scotomas and early relief from visual distortion.
- Laser photocoagulation
- Photocoagulation, including light (xenon) and argon, has been used since the early 1970s, although angioid streaks themselves were treated to stop their progression toward the macula. Early treatment experiences with light and laser photocoagulation were disappointing and discouraging. Some investigators discouraged laser treatment of CNVM in angioid streaks.
- Some success with argon laser for lesions that are located at least 100 µm from the center of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) has been reported.
- Laser therapy is believed to slow the progression of the CNV toward the fovea and stabilizes vision. Moreover, it improves the quality of vision (ie, size of central scotoma, decreases metamorphopsia). Successful treatment of CNV may not improve central vision in some patients since dehiscences in the Bruch membranes may involve and damage the foveal RPE.
- Many investigators found that laser treatment, if administered early and adequately to CNV lesions, may have a favorable result on long-term visual outcome.
- Many patients needed multiple treatments because of persistent leakage and recurrence that occurred during the first 3 months.
- Patients need to be monitored closely with Amsler grids and FA.
- In several series, the recurrence rate was reported as high as 77% of patients who underwent laser treatment. Most recurrent CNVMs were subfoveal. The incidence of recurrence was higher in angioid streaks than in other conditions, such as ARMD, degenerative myopia, and histoplasmosis.
- Treating CNVM associated with angioid streaks is sometimes challenging. Both occult and classic CNV can occur in the same eye and usually are located very close to the foveal avascular zone. RPE reaction is minimal around CNVM. Some of these membranes grow fast once they break through the Bruch membrane. Careful setup of laser power and spot size is important to prevent further damage to the brittle and mineralized Bruch membrane.
- Photodynamic therapy
- PDT is a modality approved by the FDA for the treatment of CNV secondary to ARMD. It uses a light activated drug (eg, verteporfin [Visudyne]) and applying a nonthermal red light in the range of 689 nanometers. The total energy delivered is 50 J/cm2 over a period of 83 seconds. The power of laser output can be adjusted according to size of CNV and ophthalmic lens magnification.
- A study evaluated the short-term safety and visual effects after administering PDT in 13 patients with classic subfoveal CNV secondary to pathological myopia, ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, angioid streaks, and idiopathic causes. Most patients gained at least 1 line of vision. Reduction in the size of leakage area from classic CNV was noted in all patients as early as 1-week posttreatment, with complete absence of leakage in almost one half of the patients. Up to 4 treatments were found to have short-term safety even with re-treatment intervals as short as 4 weeks.
- Karacorlu et al evaluated the safety and efficacy of PDT with verteporfin for subfoveal CNV associated with angioid streaks in 8 eyes and showed that PDT generally achieved a short-term cessation of or a decrease of fluorescein leakage from subfoveal CNVM without loss of vision in patients with angioid steaks.5
- Long-term effects of PDT, especially in patients who may need multiple treatments, are unknown. Patients with angioid streaks are at higher risk of recurrent CNV.
Surgical Care
- Submacular surgery
- Patients with classic subfoveal CNVM are not candidates for laser photocoagulation therapy. In the past, they were left without treatment. However, advances in instrumentation and vitreoretinal surgical techniques have made it possible to remove CNVM without significant damage to RPE and neurosensory retina.
- Eckstein et al reported encouraging short-term visual results in 31 consecutive patients with non–age-related subfoveal CNVM, including angioid streaks.6 Visual acuity improved or remained the same in 25 of 31 eyes. Moreover, visual acuity improved by more than 2 lines in 5 eyes (16%). Older patients and those with atrophic RPE had the worst outcome. Recurrent CNV occurred in 11 eyes (35%). The presence of subfoveal blood was associated with a higher recurrence rate of membranes. There was no significant association between the final visual acuity and length of symptoms prior to surgery or preoperative vision.6
Activity
Patients with angioid streaks have a high risk of choroidal rupture and subretinal hemorrhage secondary to mild blunt trauma. It is recommended that patients wear protective sports glasses whenever applicable.
Medication
The goals of pharmacotherapy are to reduce morbidity and to prevent complications.
Photosensitizers
Effects can induce vascular occlusion.
Verteporfin (Visudyne)
A benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid (BPD-MA), consists of equally active isomers BPD-MAC and BPD-MAD, which can be activated by low-intensity, nonthermal light of 689-nm wavelength. After activation with light and in presence of oxygen, verteporfin forms cytotoxic oxygen free radicals and singlet oxygen. Singlet oxygen causes damage to biological structures within range of diffusion. This leads to local vascular occlusion, cell damage and cell death. In plasma, verteporfin is transported primarily by low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Tumor and neovascular endothelial cells have increased specificity and uptake of verteporfin because of their high expression of LDL receptors. Effect can be enhanced by use of liposomal formulation.
Adult
6 mg/m2 (dissolved in 30 mL of solution) IV for 10 min
Second part of treatment consists of activation of drug: Recommended light intensity of 600 mW/cm2, and takes 83 sec to apply necessary light dose of 50 J/cm2
Pediatric
Not established
No human studies available; many drugs can influence effect; theoretical examples include concomitant use of other photosensitizer (eg, tetracycline, sulphonamide, phenothiazine, sulphonylurea, hypoglycemic substances, thiazide diuretics, griseofulvin) could increase photosensitivity; compounds that scavenge active oxygen species or radicals, such as dimethylsulphoxide, beta carotene, ethanol, formate, and mannitol, could reduce activity; calcium channel blockers, polymyxin B, or radiation therapy can increase rate of uptake by vascular endothelium; anticoagulants, vasoconstrictors, or platelet-aggregation inhibitors such as thromboxane-A2 inhibitors can reduce effectiveness
Documented hypersensitivity; patients with porphyria
Pregnancy
C - Fetal risk revealed in studies in animals but not established or not studied in humans; may use if benefits outweigh risk to fetus
Precautions
Patients remain photosensitive to sunlight and strong artificial light for 48 h after infusion with verteporfin; wearing sunglasses and long-sleeved clothing highly recommended to avoid serious skin and eye burns; indoor lighting is safe in general and recommended over complete darkness because accelerates breakdown of active drug; caution in advanced liver disease; extravasation can cause severe pain, inflammation, swelling, and discoloration at the injection site; cold compresses and analgesia are helpful to reduce pain and complications of extravasation
More on Angioid Streaks |
| Overview: Angioid Streaks |
| Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Angioid Streaks |
 Treatment & Medication: Angioid Streaks |
| Follow-up: Angioid Streaks |
| Multimedia: Angioid Streaks |
| References |
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References
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Further Reading
Keywords
angioid streaks, retinal hemorrhage, Bruch membrane, Bruch's membrane, choroidal neovascularization, CNV, choroidal neovascular membrane, CNVM
