Keratoconus Differential Diagnoses
- Author: Barry A Weissman, OD, PhD, FAAO; Chief Editor: Hampton Roy Sr, MD more...
Gondhowiardjo TD, van Haeringen NJ. Corneal aldehyde dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase in pathologic corneas. Cornea. Jul 1993;12(4):310-4. [Medline].
Behndig A, Karlsson K, Johansson BO, Brannstrom T, Marklund SL. Superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in the normal and diseased human cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. Sep 2001;42(10):2293-6. [Medline].
Buddi R, Lin B, Atilano SR, Zorapapel NC, Kenney MC, Brown DJ. Evidence of oxidative stress in human corneal diseases. J Histochem Cytochem. Mar 2002;50(3):341-51. [Medline].
Atilano SR, Coskun P, Chwa M, et al. Accumulation of mitochondrial DNA damage in keratoconus corneas. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. Apr 2005;46(4):1256-63. [Medline].
Kennedy RH, Bourne WM, Dyer JA. A 48-year clinical and epidemiologic study of keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol. Mar 15 1986;101(3):267-73. [Medline].
Udar N, Atilano SR, Brown DJ, et al. SOD1: a candidate gene for keratoconus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. Aug 2006;47(8):3345-51. [Medline].
Lema I, Duran JA. Inflammatory molecules in the tears of patients with keratoconus. Ophthalmology. Apr 2005;112(4):654-9. [Medline].
Lema I, Duran JA, Ruiz C, Diez-Feijoo E, Acera A, Merayo J. Inflammatory response to contact lenses in patients with keratoconus compared with myopic subjects. Cornea. Aug 2008;27(7):758-63. [Medline].
Krachmer JH, Feder RS, Belin MW. Keratoconus and related noninflammatory corneal thinning disorders. Surv Ophthalmol. Jan-Feb 1984;28(4):293-322. [Medline].
Rabinowitz YS. Keratoconus. Surv Ophthalmol. Jan-Feb 1998;42(4):297-319. [Medline].
Macsai MS, Varley GA, Krachmer JH. Development of keratoconus after contact lens wear. Patient characteristics. Arch Ophthalmol. Apr 1990;108(4):534-8. [Medline].
Zadnik K, Barr JT, Gordon MO, Edrington TB. Biomicroscopic signs and disease severity in keratoconus. Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study Group. Cornea. Mar 1996;15(2):139-46. [Medline].
Wagner H, Barr JT, Zadnik K. Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) Study: methods and findings to date. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. Sep 2007;30(4):223-32. [Medline].
Moodaley LC, Woodward EG, Liu CS, Buckley RJ. Life expectancy in keratoconus. Br J Ophthalmol. Oct 1992;76(10):590-1. [Medline].
Lass JH, Lembach RG, Park SB, et al. Clinical management of keratoconus. A multicenter analysis. Ophthalmology. Apr 1990;97(4):433-45. [Medline].
Shimmura S, Tsubota K. Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. Aug 2006;17(4):349-55. [Medline].
Fontana L, Parente G, Tassinari G. Clinical outcomes after deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty using the big-bubble technique in patients with keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol. Jan 2007;143(1):117-124. [Medline].
Colin J, Malet FJ. Intacs for the correction of keratoconus: two-year follow-up. J Cataract Refract Surg. Jan 2007;33(1):69-74. [Medline].
Rabinowitz YS. Intacs for keratoconus. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. Jul 2007;18(4):279-83. [Medline].
Riaskup-Wolf F, Hoyer A, Spoerl E, et al. Collagen crosslinking with riboflavin and ultra violet A light in keratoconus: long term results. J of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. 2008;34(5):796-801.
Kymionis GD, Portaliou DM, Kounis GA, et al. Simultaneous Topography-Guided Photorefractive Keratectomy Followed by Corneal Collagen Cross-linking for Keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol. Nov 2011;152(5):748-55. [Medline].
Visser ES, Visser R, van Lier HJ, Otten HM. Modern scleral lenses part I: clinical features. Eye Contact Lens. Jan 2007;33(1):13-20. [Medline].
Karseras AG, Ruben M. Aetiology of keratoconus. Br J Ophthalmol. Jul 1976;60(7):522-5. [Medline].
Rabinowitz YS, Garbus J, McDonnell PJ. Computer-assisted corneal topography in family members of patients with keratoconus. Arch Ophthalmol. Mar 1990;108(3):365-71. [Medline].
Maeda N, Klyce SD, Smolek MK. Comparison of methods for detecting keratoconus using videokeratography. Arch Ophthalmol. Jul 1995;113(7):870-4. [Medline].
Alio JL, Shabeyek MH. Corneal higher order aberrations: a method to grade keratoconus. Journal of Refractive Surgery. 2006;22(6):539-45.
Jafri B, Li X, Yang H, Rabinowitz YS. Higher order wavefront aberrations and topography in early and suspected keratoconus. J Refract Surg. Oct 2007;23(8):774-81. [Medline].
Kosaki R, Maeda N, Bessho K, Hori Y, Nishida K, Suzaki A. Magnitude and orientation of Zernike terms in patients with keratoconus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. Jul 2007;48(7):3062-8. [Medline].
Sorbara L, Dalton K. The use of video-keratoscopy in predicting contact lens parameters for keratoconic fitting. Cont Lens Anterior Eye. Feb 1 2010;[Medline].
Weissman BA, Chun MW, Barnhart LA. Corneal abrasion associated with contact lens correction of keratoconus-a retrospective study. Optom Vis Sci. 1994;71(11):677-81.
Spoerl E, Huhle M, Seiler T. Induction of cross-links in corneal tissue. Exp Eye Res. Jan 1998;66(1):97-103. [Medline].
Raiskup F, Spoerl E. Corneal Cross-linking with Hypo-osmolar Riboflavin Solution in Thin Keratoconic Corneas. Am J Ophthalmol. Jul 2011;152(1):28-32.e1. [Medline].
Wollensak G, Iomdina E. Biomechanical and histological changes after corneal crosslinking with and without epithelial debridement. J Cataract Refract Surg. Mar 2009;35(3):540-6. [Medline].
Kelly TL, Williams KA, Coster DJ. Corneal Transplantation for Keratoconus: A Registry Study. Arch Ophthalmol. Jun 2011;129(6):691-697. [Medline].
Kato N, Toda I, Kawakita T, Sakai C, Tsubota K. Topography-guided conductive keratoplasty: treatment for advanced keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol. Oct 2010;150(4):481-489.e1. [Medline].
Bartlett JD, Howes JF, Ghormley NR, et al. Safety and efficacy of loteprednol etabonate for treatment of papillae in contact lens-associated giant papillary conjunctivitis. Curr Eye Res. Apr 1993;12(4):313-21. [Medline].
[Guideline] American Academy of Ophthalmology Refractive Management/Intervention Panel. Refractive errors & refractive surgery. San Francisco (CA): American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2007.
Chwa M, Atilano SR, Hertzog D, Zheng H, Langberg J, Kim DW. Hypersensitive response to oxidative stress in keratoconus corneal fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. Oct 2008;49(10):4361-9. [Medline].
Kenney MC, Chwa M, Atilano SR, et al. Increased levels of catalase and cathepsin V/L2 but decreased TIMP-1 in keratoconus corneas: evidence that oxidative stress plays a role in this disorder. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. Mar 2005;46(3):823-32. [Medline].
Korb DR, Finnemore VM, Herman JP. Apical changes and scarring in keratoconus as related to contact lens fitting techniques. J Am Optom Assoc. Mar 1982;53(3):199-205. [Medline].
Kymes SM, Walline JJ, Zadnik K, Sterling J, Gordon MO. Changes in the quality-of-life of people with keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol. Apr 2008;145(4):611-617. [Medline].
Machkiewicz Z, Maatta M, Stenman M, et al. Colagenolytic proteinases in keratoconus. Cornea. 2006;25(5):603-10.
Maguire LJ, Bourne WM. Corneal topography of early keratoconus. Am J Ophthalmol. Aug 15 1989;108(2):107-12. [Medline].
McMahon TT, Edrington TB, Szczotka-Flynn L, et al. Longitudinal changes in corneal curvature in keratoconus. Cornea. Apr 2006;25(3):296-305. [Medline].
Moodaley L, Buckley RJ, Woodward EG. Surgery to improve contact lens wear in keratoconus. CLAO J. Apr 1991;17(2):129-31. [Medline].
Rabinowitz YS. The genetics of keratoconus. Ophthalmol Clin North Am. Dec 2003;16(4):607-20, vii. [Medline].
Sherwin T, Brookes NH. Morphological changes in keratoconus: pathology or pathogenesis. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. Apr 2004;32(2):211-7. [Medline].
Vogt A. Reflexlinien durch faltung spiegelnder grenzflachen im bereiche von corneo, linsenkapsel und netzhaut. Albrecht von Graefes Arch Ophthalmol. 1919;99:296-338.
Wilson SE, Lin DT, Klyce SD. Corneal topography of keratoconus. Cornea. Jan 1991;10(1):2-8. [Medline].
Wollensak G. Crosslinking treatment of progressive keratoconus: new hope. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. Aug 2006;17(4):356-60. [Medline].
Zadnik K, Barr JT, Steger-May K, et al. Comparison of flat and steep rigid contact lens fitting methods in keratoconus. Optom Vis Sci. Dec 2005;82(12):1014-21. [Medline].

