Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy Clinical Presentation

  • Author: Dustin J Coupal, MD, FRCSC; Chief Editor: Hampton Roy Sr, MD   more...
 
Updated: Feb 23, 2010
 

History

  • The clinical findings in patients with PPMD are highly variable, with a broad clinical spectrum of findings, ranging from only occasional Descemet membrane vesicles to progressive debilitating corneal disease with corneal decompensation and glaucoma.
  • A family history of PPMD should be assessed.
  • Although most patients with PPMD are asymptomatic, the most common symptoms in those with more significant involvement are as follows:
    • Photophobia
    • Decreased visual acuity
    • Foreign body sensation
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Physical

  • The most characteristic finding on slit lamp biomicroscopy is multiple vesicles or blisters, either isolated or grouped in clusters, on the posterior corneal surface. The vesicles often have identifiable surrounding halos.
  • Slit lamp biomicroscopy may also identify all or some of the following characteristics depending on the extent of the disease:
    • Posterior corneal opacities occurring in linear bands or other polymorphous configurations with irregular scalloped edges
    • Areas of more diffuse posterior corneal opacity
    • Focal excrescents of the Descemet membrane
    • Iridocorneal adhesions
    • Pupillary ectropion
    • Corectopia
    • Stromal and epithelial edema (advanced cases)
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Causes

  • The precise etiology of PPMD remains unknown. PPMD is a congenital inherited dystrophy involving abnormalities of the corneal endothelium and the Descemet membrane.
    • Most cases of PPMD are transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion with variable expression, although autosomal recessive transmission has also been reported.
    • A number of autosomal dominant cases of PPMD have been linked to a mutation in an unidentified gene located at band 20q11, whereas other cases have reported a mutation in a gene encoding for collagen VIII located on chromosome 1 (COL8A2) as the cause of PPMD.
    • In other cases, the genetic locus remains unknown.
  • PPMD has been associated with other conditions, including the following:
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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Dustin J Coupal, MD, FRCSC  Eye Specialist and Surgeon, Private Practice

Dustin J Coupal, MD, FRCSC is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, Canadian Medical Association, Canadian Medical Protective Association, and Canadian Ophthalmological Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

W Keith Hamilton, MD  Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Saskatoon City Hospital Eye Centre

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Fernando H Murillo-Lopez, MD  Senior Surgeon, Unidad Privada de Oftalmologia CEMES

Fernando H Murillo-Lopez, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD  Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Christopher J Rapuano, MD  Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University; Director of the Cornea Service, Co-Director of Refractive Surgery Department, Wills Eye Institute

Christopher J Rapuano, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Cornea Society, Eye Bank Association of America, International Society of Refractive Surgery, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Allergan Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Allergan Consulting fee Consulting; Alcon Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Inspire Honoraria Speaking and teaching; RPS Ownership interest Other; Vistakon Honoraria Speaking and teaching; EyeGate Pharma Consulting; Inspire Consulting fee Consulting; Bausch & Lomb Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Bausch & Lomb Consulting fee Consulting

Ralph Garzia, OD  Assistant Dean for Clinical and Academic Programs, Associate Professor, College of Optometry, University of Missouri at St Louis

Ralph Garzia, OD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Optometry and American Optometric Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Hampton Roy Sr, MD  Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Hampton Roy Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

References

  1. Koeppe L. Klinische Beobachtungen mit der Nerstspaltlampe und dem Hornhautmikroskop. Albrecht von Graefe's Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1916;91:375-379.

  2. Anderson NJ, Badawi DY, Grossniklaus HE, Stulting RD. Posterior polymorphous membranous dystrophy with overlapping features of iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. Apr 2001;119(4):624-5. [Medline].

  3. Bechara SJ, Grossniklaus HE, Waring GO, Wells JA 3rd. Keratoconus associated with posterior polymorphous dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol. Dec 15 1991;112(6):729-31. [Medline].

  4. Boruchoff SA, Weiner MJ, Albert DM. Recurrence of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy after penetrating keratoplasty. Am J Ophthalmol. Mar 15 1990;109(3):323-8. [Medline].

  5. Brooks AM, Grant G, Gillies WE. Differentiation of posterior polymorphous dystrophy from other posterior corneal opacities by specular microscopy. Ophthalmology. Nov 1989;96(11):1639-45. [Medline].

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  9. Henriquez AS, Kenyon KR, Dohlman CH, et al. Morphologic characteristics of posterior polymorphous dystrophy. A study of nine corneas and review of the literature. Surv Ophthalmol. Sep-Oct 1984;29(2):139-47. [Medline].

  10. Klintworth GK. The molecular genetics of the corneal dystrophies--current status. Front Biosci. May 1 2003;8:d687-713. [Medline].

  11. Krachmer JH. Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy: a disease characterized by epithelial-like endothelial cells which influence management and prognosis. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1985;83:413-75. [Medline].

  12. Laganowski HC, Sherrard ES, Muir MG, Buckley RJ. Distinguishing features of the iridocorneal endothelial syndrome and posterior polymorphous dystrophy: value of endothelial specular microscopy. Br J Ophthalmol. Apr 1991;75(4):212-6. [Medline].

  13. Moroi SE, Gokhale PA, Schteingart MT, et al. Clinicopathologic correlation and genetic analysis in a case of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy. Am J Ophthalmol. Apr 2003;135(4):461-70. [Medline].

  14. Presberg SE, Quigley HA, Forster RK, Green WR. Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy. Cornea. 1985-86;4(4):239-48. [Medline].

  15. Teekhasaenee C, Nimmanit S, Wutthiphan S, et al. Posterior polymorphous dystrophy and Alport syndrome. Ophthalmology. Aug 1991;98(8):1207-15. [Medline].

  16. Weissman BA, Ehrlich M, Levenson JE, Pettit TH. Four cases of keratoconus and posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy. Optom Vis Sci. Apr 1989;66(4):243-6. [Medline].

 
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Slit lamp image demonstrates posterior corneal vesicles and opacities in linear bands and other polymorphous configurations typical of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy.
 
 
 
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