Stevens-Johnson Syndrome: Multimedia

References

1. Roujeau JC. Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis are severity variants of the same disease which differs from erythema multiforme. J Dermatol. Nov 1997;24(11):726-9. [Medline].

2. Ahmed AR, Dahl MV. Consensus statement on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in the treatment of autoimmune mucocutaneous blistering diseases. Arch Dermatol. Aug 2003;139(8):1051-9. [Medline].

3. Assier-Bonnet H, Aractingi S, Cadranel J, Wechsler J, Mayaud C, Saiag P. Stevens-Johnson syndrome induced by cyclophosphamide: report of two cases. Br J Dermatol. Nov 1996;135(5):864-6. [Medline].

4. De Rojas MV, Dart JK, Saw VP. The natural history of Stevens Johnson syndrome: patterns of chronic ocular disease and the role of systemic immunosuppressive therapy. Br J Ophthalmol. Aug 2007;91(8):1048-53. [Medline].

5. Foster CS, Fong LP, Azar D, Kenyon KR. Episodic conjunctival inflammation after Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Ophthalmology. Apr 1988;95(4):453-62. [Medline].

6. French LE. Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens Johnson syndrome: our current understanding. Allergol Int. Mar 2006;55(1):9-16. [Medline].

7. French LE, Trent JT, Kerdel FA. Use of intravenous immunoglobulin in toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome: our current understanding. Int Immunopharmacol. Apr 2006;6(4):543-9. [Medline].

8. Hynes AY, Kafkala C, Daoud YJ, Foster CS. Controversy in the use of high-dose systemic steroids in the acute care of patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2005;45(4):25-48. [Medline].

9. Kardaun SH, Jonkman MF. Dexamethasone pulse therapy for Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2007;87(2):144-8. [Medline].

10. Khalili B, Bahna SL. Pathogenesis and recent therapeutic trends in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. Sep 2006;97(3):272-80; quiz 281-3, 320. [Medline].

11. Meth MJ, Sperber KE. Phenotypic diversity in delayed drug hypersensitivity: an immunologic explanation. Mt Sinai J Med. Sep 2006;73(5):769-76. [Medline].

12. Paquet P, Paquet F, Al Saleh W, Reper P, Vanderkelen A, Pierard GE. Immunoregulatory effector cells in drug-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. Am J Dermatopathol. Oct 2000;22(5):413-7. [Medline].

13. Patterson R, Dykewicz MS, Gonzalzles A, Grammer LC, Green D, Greenberger PA, et al. Erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Descriptive and therapeutic controversy. Chest. Aug 1990;98(2):331-6. [Medline].

14. Power WJ, Ghoraishi M, Merayo-Lloves J, Neves RA, Foster CS. Analysis of the acute ophthalmic manifestations of the erythema multiforme/Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis disease spectrum. Ophthalmology. Nov 1995;102(11):1669-76. [Medline].

15. Power WJ, Saidman SL, Zhang DS, Vamvakas EC, Merayo-Lloves JM, Kaufman AH, et al. HLA typing in patients with ocular manifestations of Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Ophthalmology. Sep 1996;103(9):1406-9. [Medline].

16. Hynes AY, Kafkala C, Daoud YJ, Foster CS. Controversy in the use of high-dose systemic steroids in the acute care of patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2005;45(4):25-48. [Medline].

17. Mittmann N, Chan B, Knowles S, Cosentino L, Shear N. Intravenous immunoglobulin use in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2006;7(6):359-68. [Medline].

18. Neuman M, Nicar M. Apoptosis in ibuprofen-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Transl Res. May 2007;149(5):254-9. [Medline].

19. Roujeau JC, Chosidow O, Saiag P, Guillaume JC. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell syndrome). J Am Acad Dermatol. Dec 1990;23(6 Pt 1):1039-58. [Medline].

20. Roujeau JC, Kelly JP, Naldi L, Rzany B, Stern RS, Anderson T, et al. Medication use and the risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis. N Engl J Med. Dec 14 1995;333(24):1600-7. [Medline].

21. Stur K, Karlhofer FM, Stingl G. Soluble FAS ligand: a discriminating feature between drug-induced skin eruptions and viral exanthemas. J Invest Dermatol. Apr 2007;127(4):802-7. [Medline].

22. Ueta M, Sotozono C, Tokunaga K, Yabe T, Kinoshita S. Strong association between HLA-A*0206 and Stevens-Johnson syndrome in the Japanese. Am J Ophthalmol. Feb 2007;143(2):367-8. [Medline].

23. Yip LW, Thong BY, Lim J, Tan AW, Wong HB, Handa S, et al. Ocular manifestations and complications of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: an Asian series. Allergy. May 2007;62(5):527-31. [Medline].

24. Yip LW, Thong BY, Tan AW, Khin LW, Chng HH, Heng WJ. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis: a study of ocular benefits. Eye. Aug 2005;19(8):846-53. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

SJS, toxic epidermal necrolysis, TEN, erythema multiforme, EM, erythema multiforme minor, von Hebra, erythema multiforme major, EMM

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

C Stephen Foster, MD, FACS, FACR, FAAO, Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School; Consulting Staff, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary; Founder and President, Ocular Immunology and Uveitis Foundation, Massachusetts Eye Research and Surgery Institute
C Stephen Foster, MD, FACS, FACR, FAAO is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Association of Immunologists, American College of Rheumatology, American College of Surgeons, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, American Uveitis Society, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Medical Society, Royal Society of Medicine, Sigma Xi, and Washington State Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Erik Letko, MD, Fellow in Immunology and Uveitis Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Rola Abdullah Ba-Abbad, MBBS, Fellow in Vitreoretinal Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Rola Abdullah Ba-Abbad, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Kilbourn Gordon III, MD, FACEP, Urgent Care Physician, Primary Medical, Huntington Walk-In and Greenwich Convenient Medical Center
Kilbourn Gordon III, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Wilderness Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD, Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute; Chief of Section of Ophthalmology Surgical Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare Center, West Los Angeles
Simon K Law, MD, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Mark T Duffy, MD, PhD, Consulting Staff, Division of Oculoplastic, Orbito-facial, Lacrimal, and Reconstructive Surgery, Green Bay Eye Clinic, BayCare Clinic
Mark T Duffy, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Medical Association, American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Sigma Xi, and Society for Neuroscience
Disclosure: Allergan - Botox Cosmetic Consulting fee Consulting; Quest medical - lacrimal balloons Honoraria Speaking and teaching

CME Editor

Lance L Brown, OD, MD, Ophthalmologist, Affiliated With Freeman Hospital and St John's Hospital, Regional Eye Center, Joplin, Missouri
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Hampton Roy Sr, MD, Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Hampton Roy Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.