Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Atopic Dermatitis 

  • Author: R Scott Lowery, MD; Chief Editor: Hampton Roy Sr, MD   more...
 
Updated: Feb 14, 2012
 

Background

Atopy is the hereditary predisposition to allergy or hypersensitivity. Symptoms may present as a dermatitis, hay fever, or asthma. According to Rapoza, Besnier first characterized atopic dermatitis, and many Europeans still use his name to describe the disease (prurigo Besnier).[1] This disease was labeled eczema for many years in the United States until Coca and Cooke coined the term atopy as a skin hypersensitivity seen in patients with hereditary allergies. Wise and Sulzberger have been credited with the term atopic dermatitis to describe a group of diseases associated with atopic conditions that may be seen in all age groups.[2]

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Pathophysiology

Atopic dermatitis is primarily caused by cellular immune deficiency and elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE). The pathogenesis can be traced to a genetically inherited, bone marrow–derived cell associated with chromosome 11q. Abnormal skin reactivity also plays a major role in the development of the disease. Irritants to the skin are believed to predispose an individual to develop dermatitis more often than simply exposure to an allergenic trigger. Nonetheless, patients frequently have a history of food or inhalant allergies or eventually develop them.[3]

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Epidemiology

Frequency

United States

An estimated 3-12% of the population will be affected at some time.

Race

The highest incidence is in urban areas and in cooler temperature zones, although no clear racial predisposition appears to exist.

Sex

According to Bezan, males appear to be affected more frequently by vernal and atopic conjunctivitis than females.[4]

Age

Children most commonly are affected, with 80% developing the disease before age 7 years. Less than 2% will have an onset after age 20 years. Most sources agree that persistence after age 20 years is uncommon. Only an estimated 10% of patients older than 20 years continue to be symptomatic.[5]

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

R Scott Lowery, MD  Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Medicine, Arkansas Children's Hospital

R Scott Lowery, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology and Arkansas Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Jack L Wilson, PhD  Distinguished Professor, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine

Jack L Wilson, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Anatomists, American Association of Clinical Anatomists, and American Heart Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD  Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Christopher J Rapuano, MD  Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University; Director of the Cornea Service, Co-Director of Refractive Surgery Department, Wills Eye Institute

Christopher J Rapuano, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, Cornea Society, Eye Bank Association of America, International Society of Refractive Surgery, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Allergan Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Allergan Consulting fee Consulting; Alcon Honoraria Speaking and teaching; RPS Ownership interest Other; EyeGate Pharma Consulting fee Consulting; Bausch & Lomb Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Bausch & Lomb Consulting; Merck Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Lance L Brown, OD, MD  Ophthalmologist, Affiliated With Freeman Hospital and St John's Hospital, Regional Eye Center, Joplin, Missouri

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Hampton Roy Sr, MD  Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Hampton Roy Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

References

  1. Rapoza PA, Chandler JW. Atopic dermatitis. In: Weingeist T, Gould D, eds. The Eye in Systemic Disease. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1990:606-609.

  2. Shen CP, Xing H, Ma L. [Research advances in atopic dermatitis]. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. Feb 2009;31(1):103-6. [Medline].

  3. Jung T, Stingl G. Atopic dermatitis: therapeutic concepts evolving from new pathophysiologic insights. J Allergy Clin Immunol. Dec 2008;122(6):1074-81. [Medline].

  4. Bezan DJ. Eye itch. In: Bezan DJ, Larussa FP, Nishimoto JH, et al, eds. Differential Diagnosis in Primary Eye Care. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1999:67-71.

  5. Brenninkmeijer EE, Legierse CM, Sillevis Smitt JH, Last BF, Grootenhuis MA, Bos JD. The course of life of patients with childhood atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. Jan-Feb 2009;26(1):14-22. [Medline].

  6. Bielory B, Bielory L. Atopic dermatitis and keratoconjunctivitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. Aug 2010;30(3):323-36. [Medline].

  7. Cornish KS, Gregory ME, Ramaesh K. Systemic cyclosporin A in severe atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Eur J Ophthalmol. Sep-Oct 2010;20(5):844-51. [Medline].

  8. Anderson PC, Dinulos JG. Atopic dermatitis and alternative management strategies. Curr Opin Pediatr. Feb 2009;21(1):131-8. [Medline].

  9. Ricci G, Dondi A, Patrizi A, Masi M. Systemic therapy of atopic dermatitis in children. Drugs. 2009;69(3):297-306. [Medline].

  10. Kaujalgi R, Handa S, Jain A, Kanwar AJ. Ocular abnormalities in atopic dermatitis in Indian patients. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. Mar-Apr 2009;75(2):148-51. [Medline].

  11. Clark RAF, Kristal L. Atopic dermatitis. In: Sams J, Lynch PJ, eds. Principles and Practice of Dermatology. 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 1996:403-418.

  12. Friedlander MH. Diseases affecting the eye and the skin. In: Allergy and Immunology of the Eye. 2nd ed. 1993:75-106.

  13. Friedlander MH. Atopic dermatitis. In: Current Ocular Therapy. 5th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 2000:143-144.

  14. Furue M, Terao H, Moroi Y, et al. Dosage and adverse effects of topical tacrolimus and steroids in daily management of atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol. Apr 2004;31(4):277-83. [Medline].

  15. Guin JD. Eyelid dermatitis: experience in 203 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. Nov 2002;47(5):755-65. [Medline].

  16. Hanifin JM. Atopic dermatitis: broadening the perspective. J Am Acad Dermatol. Jul 2004;51(1 Suppl):S23-4. [Medline].

  17. Kanski JJ. Disorders of the conjunctiva. In: Clinical Ophthalmology. 4th ed. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1999:69-71.

  18. Liesegang TJ. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis. In: Pepose JS, Holland GN, Wilhelmus KR, eds. Ocular Infection and Immunity. St. Louis: Mosby; 1996:376-390.

  19. Roy FH. Ocular Differential Diagnosis. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins; 2002.

  20. Shelley WB, Shelley EB. Atopic dermatitis. In: Advanced Dermatologic Diagnosis. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1992:285-291.

  21. Uchio E, Miyakawa K, Ikezawa Z, Ohno S. Systemic and local immunological features of atopic dermatitis patients with ocular complications. Br J Ophthalmol. Jan 1998;82(1):82-7. [Medline].

  22. Weisbecker CA, Fraunfelder FT, Rhee D. Physicians' Desk Reference for Ophthalmology. 28th ed. Oradell, NJ: Medical Economics Co; 2000.

  23. Zimmerman TJ, Kulkarni PS, Meredith TA. Steroids in ocular therapy, antibiotics and antifungals, antiallergic therapies. In: Zimmerman TJ, Kooner KS, Shariv M, Fechtner RD, eds. Textbook of Ocular Pharmacology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1997:61-74, 363-385, 609-633,683-701, 801-804.

 
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