Trochlear Nerve Palsy: Multimedia

References

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2. Miller NR, Newman NJ. Walsh and Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology. 5th ed. 1998;1227-1237.

3. Madigan WP, Zein WM. Recent developments in the field of superior oblique palsies. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. Sep 2008;19(5):379-83. [Medline].

4. Richards BW, Jones FR Jr, Younge BR. Causes and prognosis in 4,278 cases of paralysis of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens cranial nerves. Am J Ophthalmol. May 15 1992;113(5):489-96. [Medline].

5. Holmes JM, Mutyala S, Maus TL, et al. Pediatric third, fourth, and sixth nerve palsies: a population-based study. Am J Ophthalmol. Apr 1999;127(4):388-92. [Medline].

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Further Reading

Keywords

trochlear nerve palsy, fourth nerve palsy, fourth cranial nerve palsy, trochlear palsy, superior oblique palsy, vertical diplopia, head-tilt test

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Zafar A Sheik, MD, Director, Department of Ophthalmology, St Joseph's Medical Center
Zafar A Sheik, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology and International Society of Refractive Surgery
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Kelly A Hutcheson, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Children's National Medical Center,
Kelly A Hutcheson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Edsel Ing, MD, FRCSC, Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, University of Toronto: Consulting Staff, Toronto East General Hospital
Edsel Ing, MD, FRCSC is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Physician Executives, American Society of Contemporary Ophthalmology, Canadian Ophthalmological Society, Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD, Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute; Chief of Section of Ophthalmology Surgical Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare Center, West Los Angeles
Simon K Law, MD, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Brian R Younge, MD, Professor of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine
Brian R Younge, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Ophthalmological Society, and North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Lance L Brown, OD, MD, Ophthalmologist, Affiliated With Freeman Hospital and St John's Hospital, Regional Eye Center, Joplin, Missouri
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Hampton Roy Sr, MD, Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Hampton Roy Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.