Anophthalmos: Multimedia

References

1. Shaw GM, Carmichael SL, Yang W, Harris JA, Finnell RH, Lammer EJ. Epidemiologic characteristics of anophthalmia and bilateral microphthalmia among 2.5 million births in California, 1989-1997. Am J Med Genet A. Aug 15 2005;137(1):36-40. [Medline].

2. Roy FH, ed. Ocular Differential Diagnosis. 6^th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 1997:263.

3. Kennedy RE. The effect of early enucleation on the orbit; in animals and humans. Am J Ophthalmol. Aug 1965;60:277-306. [Medline].

4. Putterman AM. Ocular socket problems. In: Waltman SR, Keates RH, Hoyt CS, eds. Surgery of the Eye. New York: Churchill Livingston; 1988:749-758.

5. Ahmad ME, Dada R, Dada T, Kucheria K. 14q(22) deletion in a familial case of anophthalmia with polydactyly. Am J Med Genet A. Jul 1 2003;120(1):117-22. [Medline].

6. Bakrania P, Robinson DO, Bunyan DJ, et al. SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome: 12 new cases demonstrating broader phenotype and high frequency of large gene deletions. Br J Ophthalmol. Nov 2007;91(11):1471-6. [Medline].

7. Albernaz VS, Castillo M, Hudgins PA, Mukherji SK. Imaging findings in patients with clinical anophthalmos. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. Mar 1997;18(3):555-61. [Medline].

8. Marchac D, Cophignon J, Achard E, Dufourmentel C. Orbital expansion for anophthalmia and micro-orbitism. Plast Reconstr Surg. Apr 1977;59(4):486-91. [Medline].

9. Mustarde JE. The orbital rim. In: Mustarde JC, Jancsous IT, eds. Plastic Surgery in Infancy and Children. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; 1988:150-155.

10. Tucker SM, Sapp N, Collin R. Orbital expansion of the congenitally anophthalmic socket. Br J Ophthalmol. Jul 1995;79(7):667-71. [Medline].

11. Krastinova D, Kelly MB, Mihaylova M. Surgical management of the anophthalmic orbit, part 1: congenital. Plast Reconstr Surg. Sep 15 2001;108(4):817-26. [Medline].

12. Quaranta-Leoni FM. Treatment of the anophthalmic socket. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. Sep 2008;19(5):422-7. [Medline].

13. Gundlach KK, Guthoff RF, Hingst VH, Schittkowski MP, Bier UC. Expansion of the socket and orbit for congenital clinical anophthalmia. Plast Reconstr Surg. Oct 2005;116(5):1214-22. [Medline].

14. Cepela MA, Nunery WR, Martin RT. Stimulation of orbital growth by the use of expandable implants in the anophthalmic cat orbit. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992;8(3):157-67; discussion 168-9. [Medline].

15. Tse DT, Pinchuk L, Davis S, Falcone SF, Lee W, Acosta AC, et al. Evaluation of an integrated orbital tissue expander in an anophthalmic feline model. Am J Ophthalmol. Feb 2007;143(2):317-327. [Medline].

16. Mazzoli RA, Raymond WR 4th, Ainbinder DJ, Hansen EA. Use of self-expanding, hydrophilic osmotic expanders (hydrogel) in the reconstruction of congenital clinical anophthalmos. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. Oct 2004;15(5):426-31. [Medline].

17. Kotlus BS, Dryden RM. Correction of anophthalmic enophthalmos with injectable calcium hydroxylapatite (Radiesse). Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. Jul-Aug 2007;23(4):313-4. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

anophthalmos, primary anophthalmos, true anophthalmos, extreme microphthalmos, anophthalmia, microphthalmia, microphthalmic eye, small eye syndrome, small orbit, malformed globe, enucleation, surgical removal of eye, orbital implant, prosthetic eye, artificial eye, conformers

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Nick Mamalis, MD, Professor, Director of Ophthalmic Pathology, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah School of Medicine; Director of Intermountain Ocular Research Center
Nick Mamalis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Medical Association, and American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
Disclosure: Visiogen Consulting fee Board membership; Medennium Consulting fee Board membership; Alcon Grant/research funds Independent contractor; Allergan Grant/research funds Independent contractor; AMO Grant/research funds Independent contractor; Bausch& Lomb Grant/research funds Independent contractor; Calhoun   Independent contractor

Coauthor(s)

Jacob W Brubaker, MD, Pre-residency Fellowship in Ocular Pathology, University of Utah
Jacob W Brubaker, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Student Association/Foundation
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Ron W Pelton, MD, PhD, Private Practice, Colorado Springs, Colorado
Ron W Pelton, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Medical Association, American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Colorado Medical Society, Utah Medical Association, and Wilderness Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD, Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute; Chief of Section of Ophthalmology Surgical Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare Center, West Los Angeles
Simon K Law, MD, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Mark T Duffy, MD, PhD, Consulting Staff, Division of Oculoplastic, Orbito-facial, Lacrimal and Reconstructive Surgery, Green Bay Eye Clinic, BayCare Clinic; Medical Director, Advanced Cosmetic Solutions, A BayCare Clinic
Mark T Duffy, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Medical Association, American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Sigma Xi, and Society for Neuroscience
Disclosure: Allergan - Botox Cosmetic Consulting fee Consulting; Quest medical - lacrimal balloons Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Ortho-Neutrogenia Consulting fee Consulting

CME Editor

Lance L Brown, OD, MD, Ophthalmologist, Affiliated With Freeman Hospital and St John's Hospital, Regional Eye Center, Joplin, Missouri
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Hampton Roy Sr, MD, Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Hampton Roy Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.