Fistula, Carotid Cavernous: Differential Diagnoses & Workup

References

1. Debrun GM, Vinuela F, Fox AJ, et al. Indications for treatment and classification of 132 carotid-cavernous fistulas. Neurosurgery. Feb 1988;22(2):285-9. [Medline].

2. Higginbotham EJ. Glaucoma associated with increased episcleral venous pressure. In: Albert DM, Jakobiec FA, eds. Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. 2nd ed. 2000: 2781-92.

3. Ishijima K, Kashiwagi K, Nakano K, et al. Ocular manifestations and prognosis of secondary glaucoma in patients with carotid-cavernous fistula. Jpn J Ophthalmol. Nov-Dec 2003;47(6):603-8. [Medline].

4. Keltner JL, Satterfield D, Dublin AB, Lee BC. Dural and carotid cavernous sinus fistulas. Diagnosis, management, and complications. Ophthalmology. Dec 1987;94(12):1585-600. [Medline].

5. Kirsch M, Henkes H, Liebig T, et al. Endovascular management of dural carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas in 141 patients. Neuroradiology. Jul 2006;48(7):486-90. [Medline].

6. Miller NR. Carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. In: Miller NR, ed. Walsh and Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology. 4th ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams;1991: 2165-209.

7. Rai AT, Sivak-Callcott JA, Larzo C, Marano GD. Direct carotid cavernous fistula in infancy: presentation and treatment. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. Jun-Jul 2004;25(6):1083-5. [Medline].

8. Troost BT, Glaser JS, Morris PP. Aneurysms, arteriovenous communications, and related vascular malformations. In: Glaser, ed. Neuro-ophthalmology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;1999: 589-628.

9. de Keizer R. Carotid-cavernous and orbital arteriovenous fistulas: ocular features, diagnostic and hemodynamic considerations in relation to visual impairment and morbidity. Orbit. Jun 2003;22(2):121-42. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

carotid cavernous fistula, carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, carotid artery, cavernous sinus

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Ingrid U Scott, MD, MPH, Professor, Department of Ophthalmology and Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine
Ingrid U Scott, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Medical Association, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, American Society of Retina Specialists, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Macula Society, Phi Beta Kappa, and Retina Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Stephen D Plager, MD, FACS, Chief, Department of Ophthalmology, Dominican Hospital; Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University Hospital
Stephen D Plager, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, and California Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD, Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute; Chief of Section of Ophthalmology Surgical Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare Center, West Los Angeles
Simon K Law, MD, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Mark T Duffy, MD, PhD, Consulting Staff, Division of Oculoplastic, Orbito-facial, Lacrimal, and Reconstructive Surgery, Green Bay Eye Clinic, BayCare Clinic
Mark T Duffy, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Medical Association, American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Sigma Xi, and Society for Neuroscience
Disclosure: Allergan - Botox Cosmetic Consulting fee Consulting; Quest medical - lacrimal balloons Honoraria Speaking and teaching

CME Editor

Lance L Brown, OD, MD, Ophthalmologist, Affiliated With Freeman Hospital and St John's Hospital, Regional Eye Center, Joplin, Missouri
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Hampton Roy Sr, MD, Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Hampton Roy Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.