Acute Retinal Necrosis Workup

  • Author: Andrew A Dahl, MD; Chief Editor: Hampton Roy Sr, MD   more...
 
Updated: Apr 29, 2011
 

Laboratory Studies

  • Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a clinical diagnosis,[5, 6] and laboratory tests may not be conclusive.
  • Viral titers may be helpful.
    • Herpes simplex virus 1
    • Herpes simplex virus 2
    • Varicella-zoster virus
  • For baseline, obtain the following:
    • Complete blood cell count
    • Renal function tests
    • Liver function tests
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Imaging Studies

  • Fluorescein angiography
    • Not diagnostic
    • Early decrease in choroidal perfusion
    • May show delayed arterial filling
    • Hypofluorescence in areas of active lesions
  • Ocular ultrasound
    • Can rule out retinal detachment in the presence of media opacity
    • May show enlarged optic nerve sheath[7]
  • CT scan may show optic nerve sheath enlargement.
  • MRI may demonstrate concurrent lesions of the optic tract and the lateral geniculate body, suggesting axonal spread.
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Procedures

Lumbar puncture may show cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis.

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Staging

  • Stage 1 - Necrotizing retinitis
    • Stage 1a - Discrete areas of peripheral retinitis
    • Stage 1b - Confluent areas of peripheral retinitis, papillitis, macular edema
  • Stage 2 - Vitreous opacification or organization
  • Stage 3 - Regression of retinal necrosis, secondary pigmentation of the lesion with condensation of the vitreous base
  • Stage 4 - Retinal detachment
  • Stage 4a - Acute retinal tears or detachment with traction or proliferative vitreoretinopathy
  • Stage 4b - Chronic retinal detachment
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Proceed to Treatment & Management
 
 
Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Andrew A Dahl, MD  Director of Ophthalmology Teaching, Mid-Hudson Family Practice Institute, The Institute for Family Health; Assistant Professor of Surgery (Ophthalmology), New York College of Medicine

Andrew A Dahl, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, and Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

David T Wong, MD, FRCS(C)  Associate Professor of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Director of Fellowship Programs, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, Canada

David T Wong, MD, FRCS(C) is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Retina Specialists, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Canadian Medical Association, Canadian Ophthalmological Society, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, Ontario Medical Association, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Alcon Consulting fee Consulting; Novartis Consulting fee Consulting; Labtician Consulting fee Consulting; Diagnos Royalty Consulting

Saad Waheeb, MB, BCh, FRCS(C)  Consulting Staff, Department of Ophthalmology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital

Saad Waheeb, MB, BCh, FRCS(C) is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, Canadian Ophthalmological Society, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Brian A Phillpotts, MD  Former Vitreo-Retinal Service Director, Former Program Director, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Howard University College of Medicine

Brian A Phillpotts, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Diabetes Association, American Medical Association, and National Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD  Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Steve Charles, MD  Director of Charles Retina Institute; Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine; Adjunct Professor of Ophthalmology, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons; Clinical Professor Ophthalmology, Chinese University of Hong Kong

Steve Charles, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Retina Specialists, Club Jules Gonin, Macula Society, and Retina Society

Disclosure: Alcon Laboratories Consulting fee Consulting; OptiMedica Ownership interest Other; Topcon Medical Lasers Consulting fee Consulting

Lance L Brown, OD, MD  Ophthalmologist, Affiliated With Freeman Hospital and St John's Hospital, Regional Eye Center, Joplin, Missouri

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Hampton Roy Sr, MD  Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Hampton Roy Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

References

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  3. Walters G, James TE. Viral causes of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. Jun 2001;12(3):191-5. [Medline].

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  5. Duker JS, Blumenkranz MS. Diagnosis and management of the acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol. Mar-Apr 1991;35(5):327-43. [Medline].

  6. Holland GN. Standard diagnostic criteria for the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Executive Committee of the American Uveitis Society. Am J Ophthalmol. May 15 1994;117(5):663-7. [Medline].

  7. Sergott RC, Belmont JB, Savino PJ, Fischer DH, Bosley TM, Schatz NJ. Optic nerve involvement in the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. Aug 1985;103(8):1160-2. [Medline].

  8. Aizman A. Treatment of acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Drugs Today (Barc). Aug 2006;42(8):545-51. [Medline].

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  12. Khurana RN, Charonis A, Samuel MA, Gupta A, Tawansy KA. Intravenous foscarnet in the management of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex virus type 2 in acute retinal necrosis in children. Med Sci Monit. Dec 2005;11(12):CS75-8. [Medline].

  13. Hillenkamp J, Nolle B, Bruns C, Rautenberg P, Fickenscher H, Roider J. Acute retinal necrosis: clinical features, early vitrectomy, and outcomes. Ophthalmology. Oct 2009;116(10):1971-5.e2. [Medline].

  14. Lau CH, Missotten T, Salzmann J, Lightman SL. Acute retinal necrosis features, management, and outcomes. Ophthalmology. Apr 2007;114(4):756-62. [Medline].

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  16. Fisher JP, Lewis ML, Blumenkranz M, et al. The acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Part 1: Clinical manifestations. Ophthalmology. Dec 1982;89(12):1309-16. [Medline].

  17. Gariano RF, Berreen JP, Cooney EL. Progressive outer retinal necrosis and acute retinal necrosis in fellow eyes of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. Sep 2001;132(3):421-3. [Medline].

  18. Nussenblatt RB, Palestine AG. Acute retinal necrosis. In: Uveitis: Fundamentals and Clinical Practice. 1989:407-14.

  19. Park SS, Holz HA, Ravage ZB, Merrill PT, Nguyen QD. Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Retina. Apr 2008;28(4):660-4. [Medline].

  20. Rodriguez A, Calonge M, Pedroza-Seres M, et al. Referral patterns of uveitis in a tertiary eye care center. Arch Ophthalmol. May 1996;114(5):593-9. [Medline].

  21. Severin M, Neubauer H. Bilateral acute vascular retinal necrosis. Ophthalmologica. 1981;182(4):199-203. [Medline].

  22. Tan JCH, Byles D, Stanford MR, Frith PA, Graham EM. Acute retinal necrosis in children caused by herpes simplex virus. Retina. 2001;21(4):344-7. [Medline].

  23. Urayama A, Yamada N, Sasaki T. Unilateral acute uveitis with retinal periarteritis and detachment. Jpn J Clin Ophthalmol. 1971;25:607.

  24. Young NJ, Bird AC. Bilateral acute retinal necrosis. Br J Ophthalmol. Sep 1978;62(9):581-90. [Medline].

 
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The white area is necrotic retina.
Severe vitritis with occlusive arteriolitis.
 
 
 
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