Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment 

  • Author: Lihteh Wu, MD; Chief Editor: Hampton Roy Sr, MD   more...
 
Updated: Aug 10, 2011
 

Background

Retinal detachment occurs when subretinal fluid accumulates in the potential space between the neurosensory retina and the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Depending on the mechanism of subretinal fluid accumulation, retinal detachments traditionally have been classified into rhegmatogenous, tractional, and exudative.

The term rhegmatogenous is derived from the Greek word rhegma, which means a discontinuity or a break. A rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) occurs when a tear in the retina leads to fluid accumulation with a separation of the neurosensory retina from the underlying RPE; this is the most common type of retinal detachment.

Next

Pathophysiology

Vitreoretinal traction is responsible for the occurrence of most RRD. As the vitreous becomes more syneretic (liquefied) with age, a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) occurs. In most eyes, the vitreous gel separates from the retina without any sequelae. However, in certain eyes, strong vitreoretinal adhesions are present and the occurrence of a PVD can lead to a retinal tear formation; then, fluid from the liquefied vitreous can seep under the tear, leading to a retinal detachment.

A number of conditions exist that predispose to a PVD by prematurely accelerating the liquefaction of the vitreous gel. Myopia, aphakia or pseudophakia, familial conditions, and inflammation are among the common causes. In other cases, retinal necrosis with a retinal break formation occurs; then, fluid from the vitreous cavity can flow through the breaks and detach the retina without there being overt vitreoretinal traction present. This commonly occurs in acute retinal necrosis syndrome and in cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.

Previous
Next

Epidemiology

Frequency

United States

According to population-based studies in Iowa by Haimann et al and in Minnesota by Wilkes et al, the annual incidence of RRD is 12 cases per 100,000.[1, 2]

International

Scandinavian studies by Laatikainen et al and Tornquist et al reveal an annual incidence of RRD of 7-10 cases per 100,000.[3, 4]

A Japanese study by Sasaki et al reported an annual incidence of RRD of 10.4 cases per 100,000.[5]

A study from Singapore by Wong et al reported annual incidences of RRD of 11.6 cases per 100,000 in the Chinese population, 7 cases per 100,000 in the Malay population, and 3.9 cases per 100,000 in the Indian population.[6]

A study from Beijing, China, estimated the annual incidence of RRD to be 7.98 cases per 100,000.

Mortality/Morbidity

Visual results depend on the preoperative macular status. Most series report an anatomical success rate of 90-95%. Of the eyes that are successfully reattached, about 50% obtain a final visual acuity of 20/50 or better. In eyes where the macula was attached prior to surgery, as many as 10% have some vision loss despite successful surgery. In most cases, this decrease in vision is caused by cystoid macular edema and macular pucker.

Sex

RRD appears to be more common in males than in females.

Age

Most RRDs occur in persons aged 40-70 years. It is at this time that the syneretic vitreous undergoes separation from the retina.

Previous
Proceed to Clinical Presentation
 
 
Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Lihteh Wu, MD  Consulting Surgeon, Department of Ophthalmology, Vitreo-Retinal Section, Instituto De Cirugia Ocular, Costa Rica

Lihteh Wu, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Retina Specialists, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology, and Retina Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Teodoro Evans, MD  Retina Fellow, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

V Al Pakalnis, MD, PhD  Professor of Ophthalmology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine; Chief of Ophthalmology, Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center

V Al Pakalnis, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and South Carolina Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD  Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Steve Charles, MD  Director of Charles Retina Institute; Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine; Adjunct Professor of Ophthalmology, Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons; Clinical Professor Ophthalmology, Chinese University of Hong Kong

Steve Charles, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Retina Specialists, Club Jules Gonin, Macula Society, and Retina Society

Disclosure: Alcon Laboratories Consulting fee Consulting; OptiMedica Ownership interest Other; Topcon Medical Lasers Consulting fee Consulting

Lance L Brown, OD, MD  Ophthalmologist, Affiliated With Freeman Hospital and St John's Hospital, Regional Eye Center, Joplin, Missouri

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Hampton Roy Sr, MD  Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences

Hampton Roy Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

References

  1. Haimann MH, Burton TC, Brown CK. Epidemiology of retinal detachment. Arch Ophthalmol. Feb 1982;100(2):289-92. [Medline].

  2. Wilkes SR, Beard CM, Kurland LT, Robertson DM, O'Fallon WM. The incidence of retinal detachment in Rochester, Minnesota, 1970-1978. Am J Ophthalmol. Nov 1982;94(5):670-3. [Medline].

  3. Laatikainen L, Tolppanen EM, Harju H. Epidemiology of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in a Finnish population. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). Feb 1985;63(1):59-64. [Medline].

  4. Tornquist R, Stenkula S, Tornquist P. Retinal detachment. A study of a population-based patient material in Sweden 1971-1981. I. Epidemiology. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). Apr 1987;65(2):213-22. [Medline].

  5. Sasaki K, Ideta H, Yonemoto J, Tanaka S, Hirose A, Oka C. Epidemiologic characteristics of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in Kumamoto, Japan. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. Dec 1995;233(12):772-6. [Medline].

  6. Wong TY, Tielsch JM, Schein OD. Racial difference in the incidence of retinal detachment in Singapore. Arch Ophthalmol. Mar 1999;117(3):379-83. [Medline].

  7. Wolfensberger TJ, Gonvers M. Optical coherence tomography in the evaluation of incomplete visual acuity recovery after macula-off retinal detachments. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. Feb 2002;240(2):85-9. [Medline].

  8. Custodis E. Beobachtungen bei der diathermischen Behandlung der Netzhautablosung und ein Minweis zur Therapie der Amotio retinae. Ber Dtsch Ophthalmol Ges. 1952;57:227.

  9. Lincoff HA, Baras I, McLean JM. Modification to the Custodis procedure for retinal detachment. Arch Ophthalmol. 1965;73:160-3.

  10. Schepens CL, Okamura ID, Brockhurst RJ. The scleral buckling procedures. I. Surgical techniques and management. Arch Ophthalmol. 1957;58:797.

  11. Chignell AH. Retinal detachment surgery without drainage of subretinal fluid. Am J Ophthalmol. Jan 1974;77(1):1-5. [Medline].

  12. Lincoff H, Kreissig I. The treatment of retinal detachment without drainage of subretinal fluid. (Modifications of the Custodis procedure. VI). Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. Sep-Oct 1972;76(5):1121-33. [Medline].

  13. Wolfensberger TJ. Foveal reattachment after macula-off retinal detachment occurs faster after vitrectomy than after buckle surgery. Ophthalmology. Jul 2004;111(7):1340-3. [Medline].

  14. Itakura H, Kishi S. Intravitreal injection of 0.3 ml of SF6 gas for persistent subfoveal fluid after scleral buckling for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. Aug 2009;247(8):1147-50. [Medline].

  15. Jackson TL, Kwan AS, Laidlaw AH, Aylward W. Identification of retinal breaks using subretinal trypan blue injection. Ophthalmology. Mar 2007;114(3):587-90. [Medline].

  16. Escoffery RF, Olk RJ, Grand MG, Boniuk I. Vitrectomy without scleral buckling for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Am J Ophthalmol. Mar 15 1985;99(3):275-81. [Medline].

  17. Gartry DS, Chignell AH, Franks WA, Wong D. Pars plana vitrectomy for the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment uncomplicated by advanced proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. Apr 1993;77(4):199-203. [Medline].

  18. Hakin KN, Lavin MJ, Leaver PK. Primary vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. Jun 1993;231(6):344-6. [Medline].

  19. Oshima Y, Yamanishi S, Sawa M, Motokura M, Harino S, Emi K. Two-year follow-up study comparing primary vitrectomy with scleral buckling for macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Jpn J Ophthalmol. Sep-Oct 2000;44(5):538-49. [Medline].

  20. Arya AV, Emerson JW, Engelbert M, Hagedorn CL, Adelman RA. Surgical management of pseudophakic retinal detachments: a meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. Oct 2006;113(10):1724-33. [Medline].

  21. Kinori M, Moisseiev E, Shoshany N, Fabian ID, Skaat A, Barak A, et al. Comparison of pars plana vitrectomy with and without scleral buckle for the repair of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Am J Ophthalmol. Aug 2011;152(2):291-297.e2. [Medline].

  22. Fujii GY, De Juan E Jr, Humayun MS, Chang TS, Pieramici DJ, Barnes A. Initial experience using the transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy system for vitreoretinal surgery. Ophthalmology. Oct 2002;109(10):1814-20. [Medline].

  23. Fine HF, Iranmanesh R, Iturralde D, Spaide RF. Outcomes of 77 consecutive cases of 23-gauge transconjunctival vitrectomy surgery for posterior segment disease. Ophthalmology. Jun 2007;114(6):1197-200. [Medline].

  24. Eckardt C. Transconjunctival sutureless 23-gauge vitrectomy. Retina. Feb-Mar 2005;25(2):208-11. [Medline].

  25. Heimann H. [Primary 25- and 23-gauge vitrectomy in the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment--advancement of surgical technique or erroneous trend?]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. Nov 2008;225(11):947-56. [Medline].

  26. Tsang CW, Cheung BT, Lam RF, Lee GK, Yuen CY, Lai TY. Primary 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Retina. Oct 2008;28(8):1075-81. [Medline].

  27. Miller DM, Riemann CD, Foster RE, Petersen MR. Primary repair of retinal detachment with 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy. Retina. Jul-Aug 2008;28(7):931-6. [Medline].

  28. Von Fricken MA, Kunjukunju N, Weber C, Ko G. 25-Gauge sutureless vitrectomy versus 20-gauge vitrectomy for the repair of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Retina. Apr 2009;29(4):444-50. [Medline].

  29. Davis MJ, Mudvari SS, Shott S, Rezaei KA. Clinical characteristics affecting the outcome of pneumatic retinopexy. Arch Ophthalmol. Feb 2011;129(2):163-6. [Medline].

  30. Hilton GF, Tornambe PE. Pneumatic retinopexy. An analysis of intraoperative and postoperative complications. The Retinal Detachment Study Group. Retina. 1991;11(3):285-94. [Medline].

  31. McAllister IL, Meyers SM, Zegarra H, Gutman FA, Zakov ZN, Beck GJ. Comparison of pneumatic retinopexy with alternative surgical techniques. Ophthalmology. Jul 1988;95(7):877-83. [Medline].

  32. Tornambe PE, Hilton GF. Pneumatic retinopexy. A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial comparing pneumatic retinopexy with scleral buckling. The Retinal Detachment Study Group. Ophthalmology. Jun 1989;96(6):772-83; discussion 784. [Medline].

  33. Tornambe PE, Hilton GF, Brinton DA, et al. Pneumatic retinopexy. A two-year follow-up study of the multicenter clinical trial comparing pneumatic retinopexy with scleral buckling. Ophthalmology. Jul 1991;98(7):1115-23. [Medline].

  34. Lincoff HA, Kreissig I, Hahn YS. A temporary balloon buckle for the treatment of small retinal detachments. Ophthalmology. Apr 1979;86(4):586-96. [Medline].

  35. Wilkinson C. Interventions for asymptomatic retinal breaks and lattice degeneration for preventing retinal detachment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Jan 25 2005;CD003170. [Medline].

  36. Ross WH, Stockl FA. Visual recovery after retinal detachment. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. Jun 2000;11(3):191-4. [Medline].

  37. Henrich PB, Priglinger S, Klaessen D, Kono-Kono JO, Maier M, Schotzau A. Macula-off retinal detachment--a matter of time?. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. Apr 2009;226(4):289-93. [Medline].

  38. Mowatt L, Tarin S, Nair RG, Menon J, Price NJ. Correlation of visual recovery with macular height in macula-off retinal detachments. Eye (Lond). Feb 2010;24(2):323-7. [Medline].

  39. Day S, Grossman DS, Mruthyunjaya P, Sloan FA, Lee PP. One-year outcomes after retinal detachment surgery among medicare beneficiaries. Am J Ophthalmol. Sep 2010;150(3):338-45. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  40. Amato JE, Akduman L. Incidence of complications in 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy based on the surgical indications. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging. Mar-Apr 2007;38(2):100-2. [Medline].

  41. Ambler JS, Meyers SM, Zegarra H, Paranandi L. Reoperations and visual results after failed pneumatic retinopexy. Ophthalmology. Jun 1990;97(6):786-90. [Medline].

  42. Azad RV, Chanana B, Sharma YR, Vohra R. Primary vitrectomy versus conventional retinal detachment surgery in phakic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. Aug 2007;85(5):540-5. [Medline].

  43. Burton TC. Preoperative factors influencing anatomic success rates following retinal detachment surgery. Trans Sect Ophthalmol Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. May-Jun 1977;83(3 Pt 1):OP499-505. [Medline].

  44. Burton TC, Lambert RW Jr. A predictive model for visual recovery following retinal detachment surgery. Ophthalmology. Jun 1978;85(6):619-25. [Medline].

  45. Byer NE. Cystic retinal tufts and their relationship to retinal detachment. Arch Ophthalmol. Oct 1981;99(10):1788-90. [Medline].

  46. Byer NE. Long-term natural history of lattice degeneration of the retina. Ophthalmology. Sep 1989;96(9):1396-401; discussion 1401-2. [Medline].

  47. Byer NE. Long-term natural history study of senile retinoschisis with implications for management. Ophthalmology. Sep 1986;93(9):1127-37. [Medline].

  48. Byer NE. Natural history of posterior vitreous detachment with early management as the premier line of defense against retinal detachment. Ophthalmology. Sep 1994;101(9):1503-13; discussion 1513-4. [Medline].

  49. Byer NE. The natural history of asymptomatic retinal breaks. Ophthalmology. Sep 1982;89(9):1033-9. [Medline].

  50. Byer NE. What happens to untreated asymptomatic retinal breaks, and are they affected by posterior vitreous detachment?. Ophthalmology. Jun 1998;105(6):1045-9; discussion 1049-50. [Medline].

  51. Campochiaro PA, Kaden IH, Vidaurri-Leal J, Glaser BM. Cryotherapy enhances intravitreal dispersion of viable retinal pigment epithelial cells. Arch Ophthalmol. Mar 1985;103(3):434-6. [Medline].

  52. Chan CK, Wessels IF. Delayed subretinal fluid absorption after pneumatic retinopexy. Ophthalmology. Dec 1989;96(12):1691-700. [Medline].

  53. Chen E. 25-Gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. May 2007;18(3):188-93. [Medline].

  54. Chen SN, Hwang JF. Treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in teenagers by pneumatic retinopexy technique. Am J Ophthalmol. Feb 2007;143(2):217-221. [Medline].

  55. Chignell AH, Talbot J. Absorption of subretinal fluid after nondrainage retinal detachment surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. Apr 1978;96(4):635-7. [Medline].

  56. Christensen U, Sander B, Villumsen J. Retinal thickening after successful surgery for macula-off retinal detachment. Curr Eye Res. Jan 2007;32(1):65-9. [Medline].

  57. Clarkson JG, Blumenkranz MS, Culbertson WW, Flynn HW Jr, Lewis ML. Retinal detachment following the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Ophthalmology. Dec 1984;91(12):1665-8. [Medline].

  58. Dieckert JP, O'Connor PS, Schacklett DE, et al. Air travel and intraocular gas. Ophthalmology. May 1986;93(5):642-5. [Medline].

  59. Diederen RM, La Heij EC, Kessels AG, Goezinne F, Liem AT, Hendrikse F. Scleral buckling surgery after macula-off retinal detachment: worse visual outcome after more than 6 days. Ophthalmology. Apr 2007;114(4):705-9. [Medline].

  60. Dominguez DA. Cirugia precoz y ambulatoria del desprendimiento de retina. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 1985;48:47.

  61. Foos RY. Posterior vitreous detachment. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. Mar-Apr 1972;76(2):480-97. [Medline].

  62. Foos RY, Wheeler NC. Vitreoretinal juncture. Synchysis senilis and posterior vitreous detachment. Ophthalmology. Dec 1982;89(12):1502-12. [Medline].

  63. Freeman WR, Henderly DE, Wan WL, Causey D, Trousdale M, Green RL, et al. Prevalence, pathophysiology, and treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in treated cytomegalovirus retinitis. Am J Ophthalmol. Apr 15 1987;103(4):527-36. [Medline].

  64. Fujii GY, De Juan E Jr, Humayun MS, Pieramici DJ, Chang TS, Awh C. A new 25-gauge instrument system for transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy surgery. Ophthalmology. Oct 2002;109(10):1807-12; discussion 1813. [Medline].

  65. Goldmann H. Zur Biomikroskopie des Glaskorpers. Ophthalmologica. 1954;127:334.

  66. Hilton GF, Grizzard WS. Pneumatic retinopexy. A two-step outpatient operation without conjunctival incision. Ophthalmology. May 1986;93(5):626-41. [Medline].

  67. Holland GN. Standard diagnostic criteria for the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Executive Committee of the American Uveitis Society. Am J Ophthalmol. May 15 1994;117(5):663-7. [Medline].

  68. Holland SP, Pulido JS, Miller D, et al. Biofilm and scleral buckle-associated infections. A mechanism for persistence. Ophthalmology. Jun 1991;98(6):933-8. [Medline].

  69. Kanski JJ, Elkington AR, Davies MS. Diplopia after retinal detachment surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. Jul 1973;76(1):38-40. [Medline].

  70. Kawahara S, Nagai Y, Kawakami E, Ida RY, Takeuchi M, Uyama M. Ciliochoroidal Detachment Following Scleral Buckling Surgery for Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment. Jpn J Ophthalmol. Nov 1 2000;44(6):692-693. [Medline].

  71. Kon CH, Asaria RH, Occleston NL, Khaw PT, Aylward GW. Risk factors for proliferative vitreoretinopathy after primary vitrectomy: a prospective study. Br J Ophthalmol. May 2000;84(5):506-11. [Medline].

  72. La Heij EC, Derhaag PF, Hendrikse F. Results of scleral buckling operations in primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Doc Ophthalmol. 2000;100(1):17-25. [Medline].

  73. Li X. Incidence and epidemiological characteristics of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in Beijing, China. Ophthalmology. Dec 2003;110(12):2413-7. [Medline].

  74. Lincoff HA, Mclean JM, Nano H. CRYOSURGICAL TREATMENT OF RETINAL DETACHMENT. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. May-Jun 1964;68:412-32. [Medline].

  75. Lobes LA Jr, Burton TC. The incidence of macular pucker after retinal detachment surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. Jan 1978;85(1):72-7. [Medline].

  76. Lobes LA Jr, Grand MG. Incidence of cystoid macular edema following scleral buckling procedure. Arch Ophthalmol. Jul 1980;98(7):1230-2. [Medline].

  77. Mastropasqua L, Carpineto P, Ciancaglini M, Falconio G, Gallenga PE. Treatment of retinal tears and lattice degenerations in fellow eyes in high risk patients suffering retinal detachment: a prospective study. Br J Ophthalmol. Sep 1999;83(9):1046-9. [Medline].

  78. McDonald HR, Abrams GW, Irvine AR, et al. The management of subretinal gas following attempted pneumatic retinal reattachment. Ophthalmology. Apr 1987;94(4):319-26. [Medline].

  79. Meredith TA, Reeser FH, Topping TM, Aaberg TM. Cystoid macular edema after retinal detachment surgery. Ophthalmology. Nov 1980;87(11):1090-5. [Medline].

  80. Oshima Y, Emi K, Motokura M, Yamanishi S. Survey of surgical indications and results of primary pars plana vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Jpn J Ophthalmol. Mar-Apr 1999;43(2):120-6. [Medline].

  81. Packer AJ, Maggiano JM, Aaberg TM, Meredith TA, Reeser FH, Kingham JD. Serous choroidal detachment after retinal detachment surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. Aug 1983;101(8):1221-4. [Medline].

  82. Perez RN, Phelps CD, Burton TC. Angel-closure glaucoma following scleral buckling operations. Trans Sect Ophthalmol Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. Mar-Apr 1976;81(2):247-52. [Medline].

  83. Richardson EC, Verma S, Green WT, Woon H, Chignell AH. Primary vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: an analysis of failure. Eur J Ophthalmol. Apr-Jun 2000;10(2):160-6. [Medline].

  84. Rizzo S, Genovesi-Ebert F, Murri S, et al. 25-gauge, sutureless vitrectomy and standard 20-gauge pars plana vitrectomy in idiopathic epiretinal membrane surgery: a comparative pilot study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. Apr 2006;244(4):472-9. [Medline].

  85. Ryan SJ, Goldberg MF. Anterior segment ischemia following scleral buckling in sickle cell hemoglobinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. Jul 30 1971;72(1):35-50. [Medline].

  86. Saw SM, Gazzard G, Wagle AM, Lim J, Au Eong KG. An evidence-based analysis of surgical interventions for uncomplicated rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. Oct 2006;84(5):606-12. [Medline].

  87. Schepens CL, Marden D. Data on the natural history of retinal detachment. I. Age and sex relationships. Arch Ophthalmol. 1961;66:631.

  88. Schwartz SG, Flynn HW. Primary retinal detachment: scleral buckle or pars plana vitrectomy?. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. Jun 2006;17(3):245-50. [Medline].

  89. Smiddy WE, Loupe D, Michels RG, Enger C, Glaser BM, deBustros S. Extraocular muscle imbalance after scleral buckling surgery. Ophthalmology. Oct 1989;96(10):1485-9; discussion 1489-90. [Medline].

  90. Smiddy WE, Loupe DN, Michels RG, Enger C, Glaser BM, deBustros S. Refractive changes after scleral buckling surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. Oct 1989;107(10):1469-71. [Medline].

  91. Spencer LM, Foos RY, Straatsma BR. Enclosed bays of the ora serrata. Relationship to retina tears. Arch Ophthalmol. Apr 1970;83(4):421-5. [Medline].

  92. Tanner V, Harle D, Tan J, Foote B, Williamson TH, Chignell AH. Acute posterior vitreous detachment: the predictive value of vitreous pigment and symptomatology. Br J Ophthalmol. Nov 2000;84(11):1264-8. [Medline].

  93. Tillery WV, Lucier AC. Round atrophic holes in lattice degeneration--an important cause of phakic retinal detachment. Trans Sect Ophthalmol Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. May-Jun 1976;81(3 Pt 1):509-18. [Medline].

  94. Wilkinson CP. Evidence-based medicine regarding the prevention of retinal detachment. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1999;97:397-404; discussion 404-6. [Medline].

  95. Wilkinson CP, Bradford RH Jr. Complications of draining subretinal fluid. Retina. Winter-Spring 1984;4(1):1-4. [Medline].

  96. Wright LA, Cleary M, Barrie T, Hammer HM. Motility and binocularity outcomes in vitrectomy versus scleral buckling in retinal detachment surgery. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. Dec 1999;237(12):1028-32. [Medline].

  97. Yeo JH, Vidaurri-Leal J, Glaser BM. Extension of retinal detachments as a complication of pneumatic retinopexy. Arch Ophthalmol. Aug 1986;104(8):1161-3. [Medline].

 
Previous
Next
 
Clinical picture of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment involving the macula. Notice the folds just temporal to the fovea.
Clinical picture of a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Notice that the macula is involved and that the retina is corrugated and has a slightly opaque color.
This patient had a vitreous hemorrhage that prevented visualization of the retina. A B-scan ultrasound reveals a retinal detachment.
 
 
 
All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright © 1994-2012 by WebMD LLC.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.