eMedicine Specialties > Ophthalmology > Retina

Retinitis Pigmentosa: Follow-up

Author: David G Telander, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Division of Vitreo-Retinal Diseases and Surgery, University of California Davis School of Medicine
Coauthor(s): Anthony de Beus, MD, PhD, Consulting Staff, Southwest Eye Centers; Kent W Small, MD, Director/President, Macular and Retinal Disease Center; President, Molecular Insight LLC; Consulting Surgeon, Glendale Eye Medical Group
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Aug 19, 2009

Follow-up

Further Outpatient Care

  • Annual patient examinations usually are sufficient to measure Goldmann visual field and visual acuity.
    • If medical treatment is initiated, more frequent visits and laboratory blood work may be indicated.
    • Patients with systemic conditions that are associated with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) may require closer follow-up care.

Inpatient & Outpatient Medications

Prognosis

Patient Education

  • To help them make wise decisions about driving or vocational rehabilitation, educate patients about their field defects.
  • Family pedigrees and, when available, genetic subtyping can be helpful in genetic counseling. Patients should understand that the visual degeneration, which usually occurs over 30-40 years, slowly progresses and varies with the type of RP.
  • Patients with Usher syndrome should understand the course of their hearing loss, as each of the 3 types of Usher syndrome has a different prognosis regarding hearing.

Miscellaneous

Medicolegal Pitfalls

  • As with all bilateral, chronic causes of vision loss (both central and peripheral), carefully advise patients about their ability to drive a motor vehicle.
 


More on Retinitis Pigmentosa

Overview: Retinitis Pigmentosa
Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Retinitis Pigmentosa
Treatment & Medication: Retinitis Pigmentosa
Follow-up: Retinitis Pigmentosa
Multimedia: Retinitis Pigmentosa
References
Further Reading
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

References

  1. Cottet S, Schorderet DF. Mechanisms of apoptosis in retinitis pigmentosa. Curr Mol Med. Apr 2009;9(3):375-83. [Medline].

  2. Grover S, Fishman GA, Anderson RJ, et al. Visual acuity impairment in patients with retinitis pigmentosa at age 45 years or older. Ophthalmology. Sep 1999;106(9):1780-5. [Medline].

  3. Farrell DF. Unilateral retinitis pigmentosa and cone-rod dystrophy. Clin Ophthalmol. 2009;3:263-70. [Medline].

  4. Saihan Z, Webster AR, Luxon L, Bitner-Glindzicz M. Update on Usher syndrome. Curr Opin Neurol. Feb 2009;22(1):19-27. [Medline].

  5. Fishman GA, Gilbert LD, Fiscella RG, Kimura AE, Jampol LM. Acetazolamide for treatment of chronic macular edema in retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophthalmol. Oct 1989;107(10):1445-52. [Medline].

  6. Bastek JV, Heckenlively JR, Straatsma BR. Cataract surgery in retinitis pigmentosa patients. Ophthalmology. Aug 1982;89(8):880-4. [Medline].

  7. Neurotech. Results from Neurotech's NT-501 Phase 2 Retinitis Pigmentosa Studies Demonstrate Consistent Biological Effect on Photoreceptors. Neurotech. Available at http://www.neurotechusa.com/news_events/pr_2009-05-28.asp. Accessed May 28, 2009.

  8. Tsai D, Morley JW, Suaning GJ, Lovell NH. A wearable real-time image processor for a vision prosthesis. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. Sep 2009;95(3):258-69. [Medline].

  9. Humayun MS, Weiland JD, Fujii GY, et al. Visual perception in a blind subject with a chronic microelectronic retinal prosthesis. Vision Res. Nov 2003;43(24):2573-81. [Medline].

  10. Chow AY, Pardue MT, Perlman JI, et al. Subretinal implantation of semiconductor-based photodiodes: durability of novel implant designs. J Rehabil Res Dev. May-Jun 2002;39(3):313-21. [Medline].

  11. Smith AJ, Bainbridge JW, Ali RR. Prospects for retinal gene replacement therapy. Trends Genet. Apr 2009;25(4):156-65. [Medline].

  12. Acland GM, Aguirre GD, Bennett J, et al. Long-term restoration of rod and cone vision by single dose rAAV-mediated gene transfer to the retina in a canine model of childhood blindness. Mol Ther. Dec 2005;12(6):1072-82. [Medline].

  13. Acland GM, Aguirre GD, Ray J, et al. Gene therapy restores vision in a canine model of childhood blindness. Nat Genet. May 2001;28(1):92-5. [Medline].

  14. Aleman TS, Duncan JL, Bieber ML, et al. Macular pigment and lutein supplementation in retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. Jul 2001;42(8):1873-81. [Medline].

  15. Amado RG, Chen IS. Lentiviral vectors--the promise of gene therapy within reach?. Science. Jul 30 1999;285(5428):674-6. [Medline].

  16. Balciuniene J, Johansson K, Sandgren O, Wachtmeister L, Holmgren G, Forsman K. A gene for autosomal dominant progressive cone dystrophy (CORD5) maps to chromosome 17p12-p13. Genomics. Nov 20 1995;30(2):281-6. [Medline].

  17. Bateman JB, Philippart M. Ocular features of the Hagberg-Santavuori syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol. Aug 15 1986;102(2):262-71. [Medline].

  18. Baumgartner WA. Etiology, pathogenesis, and experimental treatment of retinitis pigmentosa. Med Hypotheses. May 2000;54(5):814-24. [Medline].

  19. Bemelmans AP, Kostic C, Crippa SV, et al. Lentiviral gene transfer of RPE65 rescues survival and function of cones in a mouse model of Leber congenital amaurosis. PLoS Med. Oct 2006;3(10):e347. [Medline].

  20. Bennett J. Gene therapy for retinitis pigmentosa. Curr Opin Mol Ther. Aug 2000;2(4):420-5. [Medline].

  21. Bennett J, Zeng Y, Bajwa R, Klatt L, Li Y, Maguire AM. Adenovirus-mediated delivery of rhodopsin-promoted bcl-2 results in a delay in photoreceptor cell death in the rd/rd mouse. Gene Ther. Sep 1998;5(9):1156-64. [Medline].

  22. Berson EL. Hereditary retinal diseases. In: Albert DM, Jakobiec FA. Principles and Practices of Ophthalmology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1994:1181-1262.

  23. Berson EL, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, et al. A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophthalmol. Jun 1993;111(6):761-72. [Medline].

  24. Berson EL, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, et al. Further evaluation of docosahexaenoic acid in patients with retinitis pigmentosa receiving vitamin A treatment: subgroup analyses. Arch Ophthalmol. Sep 2004;122(9):1306-14. [Medline].

  25. Berson EL, Rosner B, Sandberg MA, et al. Vitamin A supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophthalmol. Nov 1993;111(11):1456-9. [Medline].

  26. Bok D. Ciliary neurotrophic factor therapy for inherited retinal diseases: pros and cons. Retina. Dec 2005;25(8 Suppl):S27-S28. [Medline].

  27. Brod RD, Packer AJ, Van Dyk HJ. Diagnosis of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis by ultrastructural examination of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Arch Ophthalmol. Oct 1987;105(10):1388-93. [Medline].

  28. Chow AY, Chow VY, Packo KH, Pollack JS, Peyman GA, Schuchard R. The artificial silicon retina microchip for the treatment of vision loss from retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophthalmol. Apr 2004;122(4):460-9. [Medline].

  29. Cogan DG, Rodrigues M, Chu FC, Schaefer EJ. Ocular abnormalities in abetalipoproteinemia. A clinicopathologic correlation. Ophthalmology. Aug 1984;91(8):991-8. [Medline].

  30. Dagnelie G, Zorge IS, McDonald TM. Lutein improves visual function in some patients with retinal degeneration: a pilot study via the Internet. Optometry. Mar 2000;71(3):147-64. [Medline].

  31. Dawson WW, Armstrong D, Greer M, Maida TM, Samuelson DA. Disease-specific electrophysiological findings in adult ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Kufs disease). Doc Ophthalmol. Aug 30 1985;60(2):163-71. [Medline].

  32. Delyfer MN, Leveillard T, Mohand-Said S, Hicks D, Picaud S, Sahel JA. Inherited retinal degenerations: therapeutic prospects. Biol Cell. May 2004;96(4):261-9. [Medline].

  33. Denman S, Weleber R, Hanifin JM, Cunningham W, Phipps R. Abnormal night vision and altered dark adaptometry in patients treated with isotretinoin for acne. J Am Acad Dermatol. Apr 1986;14(4):692-3. [Medline].

  34. Doonan F, Cotter TG. Apoptosis: a potential therapeutic target for retinal degenerations. Curr Neurovasc Res. Jan 2004;1(1):41-53. [Medline].

  35. Dyer DS, Wilson ME, Small KW, Pai GS. Alström syndrome: a case misdiagnosed as Bardet-Biedl syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. Jul-Aug 1994;31(4):272-4. [Medline].

  36. Eiberg H, Gardiner RM, Mohr J. Batten disease (Spielmeyer-Sjøgren disease) and haptoglobins (HP): indication of linkage and assignment to chr. 16. Clin Genet. Oct 1989;36(4):217-8. [Medline].

  37. Fain GL. Why photoreceptors die (and why they don't). Bioessays. Apr 2006;28(4):344-54. [Medline].

  38. Fan BJ, Tam PO, Choy KW, Wang DY, Lam DS, Pang CP. Molecular diagnostics of genetic eye diseases. Clin Biochem. Mar 2006;39(3):231-9. [Medline].

  39. Fishman GA, Farber MD, Derlacki DJ. X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Profile of clinical findings. Arch Ophthalmol. Mar 1988;106(3):369-75. [Medline].

  40. Fishman GA, Gilbert LD, Anderson RJ, Marmor MF, Weleber RG, Viana MA. Effect of methazolamide on chronic macular edema in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Ophthalmology. Apr 1994;101(4):687-93. [Medline].

  41. Fishman GA, Kumar A, Joseph ME, Torok N, Anderson RJ. Usher's syndrome. Ophthalmic and neuro-otologic findings suggesting genetic heterogeneity. Arch Ophthalmol. Sep 1983;101(9):1367-74. [Medline].

  42. Fleischhauer J, Njoh WA, Niemeyer G. Syndromic retinitis pigmentosa: ERG and phenotypic changes. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. Mar 2005;222(3):186-90. [Medline].

  43. Folz SJ, Trobe JD. The peroxisome and the eye. Surv Ophthalmol. Mar-Apr 1991;35(5):353-68. [Medline].

  44. Frasson M, Sahel JA, Fabre M, Simonutti M, Dreyfus H, Picaud S. Retinitis pigmentosa: rod photoreceptor rescue by a calcium-channel blocker in the rd mouse. Nat Med. Oct 1999;5(10):1183-7. [Medline].

  45. Gal A, Xu S, Piczenik Y, et al. Gene for autosomal dominant congenital stationary night blindness maps to the same region as the gene for the beta-subunit of the rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDEB) in chromosome 4p16.3. Hum Mol Genet. Feb 1994;3(2):323-5. [Medline].

  46. Gouras P, Carr RE. Electrophysiological studies in early retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophthalmol. Jul 1964;72:104-10. [Medline].

  47. Grant CA, Berson EL. Treatable forms of retinitis pigmentosa associated with systemic neurological disorders. Int Ophthalmol Clin. Winter 2001;41(1):103-10. [Medline].

  48. Heckenlively J. The frequency of posterior subcapsular cataract in the hereditary retinal degenerations. Am J Ophthalmol. Jun 1982;93(6):733-8. [Medline].

  49. Heckenlively JR. Retinitis Pigmentosa. XIV. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1988.

  50. Herse P. Retinitis pigmentosa: visual function and multidisciplinary management. Clin Exp Optom. Sep 2005;88(5):335-50. [Medline].

  51. Hims MM, Diager SP, Inglehearn CF. Retinitis pigmentosa: genes, proteins and prospects. Dev Ophthalmol. 2003;37:109-25. [Medline].

  52. Hollyfield JG, Anderson RE, LaVail MM. Retinal Degenerative Diseases and Experimental Therapy. XIV. [1] leaf of col. plates. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 1999.

  53. Hossain P, Seetho IW, Browning AC, Amoaku WM. Artificial means for restoring vision. BMJ. Jan 1 2005;330(7481):30-3. [Medline].

  54. Hunter DG, Fishman GA, Mehta RS, Kretzer FL. Abnormal sperm and photoreceptor axonemes in Usher's syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. Mar 1986;104(3):385-9. [Medline].

  55. Joshi AR, Mullen L, Small KW. The retina: genetic studies of several retinopathies located on the short arm of chromosome 17. Curr Opin Neurol. Feb 1997;10(1):31-5. [Medline].

  56. Kalloniatis M, Fletcher EL. Retinitis pigmentosa: understanding the clinical presentation, mechanisms and treatment options. Clin Exp Optom. Mar 2004;87(2):65-80. [Medline].

  57. Kaplan J, Gerber S, Bonneau D, et al. A gene for Usher syndrome type I (USH1A) maps to chromosome 14q. Genomics. Dec 1992;14(4):979-87. [Medline].

  58. Kennan A, Aherne A, Humphries P. Light in retinitis pigmentosa. Trends Genet. Feb 2005;21(2):103-10. [Medline].

  59. Kimberling WJ, Moller CG, Davenport S, et al. Linkage of Usher syndrome type I gene (USH1B) to the long arm of chromosome 11. Genomics. Dec 1992;14(4):988-94. [Medline].

  60. Kimberling WJ, Moller CG, Davenport S, et al. Lutein and zeaxanthin exhibit photoprotective and anti-apoptotic activities in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998.

  61. Kimberling WJ, Weston M, Moller C. Clinical and genetic heterogeneity of Usher syndrome. In: Wright AF, Jay B. Molecular Genetics of Inherited Eye Disorders. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood; 1994:359-382.

  62. Kimura AE, Drack AV, Stone EM. Retinitis pigmentosa and associated disorders. In: Wright K, ed. Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. St. Louis: Mosby; In press.

  63. Marmor MF. The electroretinogram in retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophthalmol. Jul 1979;97(7):1300-4. [Medline].

  64. Marmor MF, Kessler R. Sildenafil (Viagra) and ophthalmology. Surv Ophthalmol. Sep-Oct 1999;44(2):153-62. [Medline].

  65. Masuno M, Shimozawa N, Suzuki Y, et al. Assignment of the human peroxisome assembly factor-1 gene (PXMP3) responsible for Zellweger syndrome to chromosome 8q21.1 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genomics. Mar 1 1994;20(1):141-2. [Medline].

  66. McLaughlin ME, Sandberg MA, Berson EL, Dryja TP. Recessive mutations in the gene encoding the beta-subunit of rod phosphodiesterase in patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Nat Genet. Jun 1993;4(2):130-4. [Medline].

  67. Miggiano GA, Falsini B. [Diet and management of degenerative diseases of the retina (retinitis pigmentosa)]. Clin Ter. Jul-Aug 2004;155(7-8):347-51. [Medline].

  68. Moosajee M. Genes and the eye. J R Soc Med. May 2005;98(5):206-7. [Medline].

  69. Moraes CT, DiMauro S, Zeviani M, et al. Mitochondrial DNA deletions in progressive external ophthalmoplegia and Kearns-Sayre syndrome. N Engl J Med. May 18 1989;320(20):1293-9. [Medline].

  70. Murakami A, Yajima T, Inana G. Isolation of human retinal genes: recoverin cDNA and gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Aug 31 1992;187(1):234-44. [Medline].

  71. Naash ML, Peachey NS, Li ZY, et al. Light-induced acceleration of photoreceptor degeneration in transgenic mice expressing mutant rhodopsin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. Apr 1996;37(5):775-82. [Medline].

  72. Nadig MN. Development of a silicon retinal implant: cortical evoked potentials following focal stimulation of the rabbit retina with light and electricity. Clin Neurophysiol. Sep 1999;110(9):1545-53. [Medline].

  73. Naka H, et al. Ascorbic acid does not protect photic injury by blue light in the rat retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998.

  74. Nathans J, Hogness DS. Isolation and nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding human rhodopsin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Aug 1984;81(15):4851-5. [Medline].

  75. Newsome DA. Retinal fluorescein leakage in retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Ophthalmol. Mar 15 1986;101(3):354-60. [Medline].

  76. Norton EW. A randomized trial of vitamin A and vitamin E supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophthalmol. Nov 1993;111(11):1460; author reply 1463-5. [Medline].

  77. Paskowitz DM, LaVail MM, Duncan JL. Light and inherited retinal degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol. Aug 2006;90(8):1060-6. [Medline].

  78. Petersen-Jones S. Advances in the molecular understanding of canine retinal diseases. J Small Anim Pract. Aug 2005;46(8):371-80. [Medline].

  79. Phelan JK, Bok D. A brief review of retinitis pigmentosa and the identified retinitis pigmentosa genes. Mol Vis. Jul 8 2000;6:116-24. [Medline].

  80. Polak BC, Hogewind BL. Macular lesions in Alport's disease. Am J Ophthalmol. Oct 1977;84(4):532-5. [Medline].

  81. Radtke ND, Aramant RB, Seiler M, Petry HM. Preliminary report: indications of improved visual function after retinal sheet transplantation in retinitis pigmentosa patients. Am J Ophthalmol. Sep 1999;128(3):384-7. [Medline].

  82. Radtke ND, Aramant RB, Seiler MJ, Petry HM, Pidwell D. Vision change after sheet transplant of fetal retina with retinal pigment epithelium to a patient with retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophthalmol. Aug 2004;122(8):1159-65. [Medline].

  83. Radtke ND, Seiler MJ, Aramant RB, Petry HM, Pidwell DJ. Transplantation of intact sheets of fetal neural retina with its retinal pigment epithelium in retinitis pigmentosa patients. Am J Ophthalmol. Apr 2002;133(4):544-50. [Medline].

  84. Rivolta C, Sharon D, DeAngelis MM, Dryja TP. Retinitis pigmentosa and allied diseases: numerous diseases, genes, and inheritance patterns. Hum Mol Genet. May 15 2002;11(10):1219-27. [Medline].

  85. Rosenfeld PJ, Cowley GS, McGee TL, Sandberg MA, Berson EL, Dryja TP. A null mutation in the rhodopsin gene causes rod photoreceptor dysfunction and autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Nat Genet. Jun 1992;1(3):209-13. [Medline].

  86. Sankila EM, Pakarinen L, Kaariainen H, et al. Assignment of an Usher syndrome type III (USH3) gene to chromosome 3q. Hum Mol Genet. Jan 1995;4(1):93-8. [Medline].

  87. Schachat AP, Maumenee IH. Bardet-Biedl syndrome and related disorders. Arch Ophthalmol. Feb 1982;100(2):285-8. [Medline].

  88. Schmidt-Erfurth U. Nutrition and retina. Dev Ophthalmol. 2005;38:120-47. [Medline].

  89. Schwendemann G, Elze KL, Koepp P, Lagenstein I, Steinhausen HC, Colmant HJ. Juvenile type of generalized ceroid-lipofuscinosis (Spielmeyer-Sjögren syndrome) I. Clinical findings. Neuropadiatrie. Feb 1978;9(1):3-27. [Medline].

  90. Shimozawa N, Tsukamoto T, Suzuki Y, et al. A human gene responsible for Zellweger syndrome that affects peroxisome assembly. Science. Feb 28 1992;255(5048):1132-4. [Medline].

  91. Small KW, Anderson WB Jr. Pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy. Discordant expression in monozygotic twins. Arch Ophthalmol. Oct 1991;109(10):1408-10. [Medline].

  92. Small KW, Letson R, Scheinman J. Ocular findings in primary hyperoxaluria. Arch Ophthalmol. Jan 1990;108(1):89-93. [Medline].

  93. Smith LE. Bone marrow-derived stem cells preserve cone vision in retinitis pigmentosa. J Clin Invest. Sep 2004;114(6):755-7. [Medline].

  94. Smith PR, Bain SC, Good PA, et al. Pigmentary retinal dystrophy and the syndrome of maternally inherited diabetes and deafness caused by the mitochondrial DNA 3243 tRNA(Leu) A to G mutation. Ophthalmology. Jun 1999;106(6):1101-8. [Medline].

  95. Smith RJ, Lee EC, Kimberling WJ, et al. Localization of two genes for Usher syndrome type I to chromosome 11. Genomics. Dec 1992;14(4):995-1002. [Medline].

  96. Stojanovic A, Hwa J. Rhodopsin and retinitis pigmentosa: shedding light on structure and function. Receptors Channels. 2002;8(1):33-50. [Medline].

  97. Szlyk JP, Fishman GA, Alexander KR, Peachey NS, Derlacki DJ. Clinical subtypes of cone-rod dystrophy. Arch Ophthalmol. Jun 1993;111(6):781-8. [Medline].

  98. Szlyk JP, Seiple W, Laderman DJ, Kelsch R, Ho K, McMahon T. Use of bioptic amorphic lenses to expand the visual field in patients with peripheral loss. Optom Vis Sci. Jul 1998;75(7):518-24. [Medline].

  99. Takahashi M, Miyoshi H, Verma IM, Gage FH. Rescue from photoreceptor degeneration in the rd mouse by human immunodeficiency virus vector-mediated gene transfer. J Virol. Sep 1999;73(9):7812-6. [Medline].

  100. Takano Y, Ohguro H, Dezawa M, et al. Study of drug effects of calcium channel blockers on retinal degeneration of rd mouse. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Jan 23 2004;313(4):1015-22. [Medline].

  101. Traboulsi EI, Green WR, Luckenbach MW, de la Cruz ZC. Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Ocular histopathologic and electron microscopic studies in the late infantile, juvenile, and adult forms. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1987;225(6):391-402. [Medline].

  102. Travis GH, Brennan MB, Danielson PE, Kozak CA, Sutcliffe JG. Identification of a photoreceptor-specific mRNA encoded by the gene responsible for retinal degeneration slow (rds). Nature. Mar 2 1989;338(6210):70-3. [Medline].

  103. Travis GH, Hepler JE. A medley of retinal dystrophies. Nat Genet. Mar 1993;3(3):191-2. [Medline].

  104. van Soest S, Westerveld A, de Jong PT, Bleeker-Wagemakers EM, Bergen AA. Retinitis pigmentosa: defined from a molecular point of view. Surv Ophthalmol. Jan-Feb 1999;43(4):321-34. [Medline].

  105. Wang DY, Chan WM, Tam PO, et al. Genetic markers for retinitis pigmentosa. Hong Kong Med J. Aug 2005;11(4):281-8. [Medline].

  106. Weil D, Blanchard S, Kaplan J, et al. Defective myosin VIIA gene responsible for Usher syndrome type 1B. Nature. Mar 2 1995;374(6517):60-1. [Medline].

  107. Weiland JD, Liu W, Humayun MS. Retinal prosthesis. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2005;7:361-401. [Medline].

  108. Weleber RG. Stargardt's macular dystrophy. Arch Ophthalmol. Jun 1994;112(6):752-4. [Medline].

  109. Weleber RG, Denman ST, Hanifin JM, Cunningham WJ. Abnormal retinal function associated with isotretinoin therapy for acne. Arch Ophthalmol. Jun 1986;104(6):831-7. [Medline].

  110. Weleber RG, Gregory-Evans K. Retinitis pigmentosa and allied disorders. In: Ryan SJ. Retina. Vol I. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Mosby; 2006:395-498.

  111. Wright AF, Jay B, eds. Molecular Genetics of Inherited Eye Disorders. Vol 2. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood; 1994.

  112. Yamazaki H, Ohguro H, Maeda T, et al. Preservation of retinal morphology and functions in royal college surgeons rat by nilvadipine, a Ca(2+) antagonist. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. Apr 2002;43(4):919-26. [Medline].

  113. Zeviani M, Moraes CT, DiMauro S, et al. Deletions of mitochondrial DNA in Kearns-Sayre syndrome. Neurology. Sep 1988;38(9):1339-46. [Medline].

  114. Zylbermann R, Silverstone BZ, Brandes E, Drukker A. Retinal lesions in Alport's syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. Jul-Aug 1980;17(4):255-60. [Medline].

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Keywords

retinitis pigmentosa, RP, night blindness, tunnel vision, peripheral vision, retinal dystrophies, hereditary dystrophies of the retinal pigment epithelium, retinal pigment epithelium, RPE, congenital stationary night blindness, CSNB, rod-cone dystrophies, cone-rod dystrophies, nyctalopia, loss of night vision, tunnel vision, loss of peripheral vision, Usher syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Batten-Mayou disease, Vogt-Spielmeyer disease, retinal dystrophies, cystic macular edema, bull's eye maculopathy, Mizuo-Nakamura effect, choroideremia, gyrate atrophy, myopic degeneration, retinitis punctata albescens, ocular albinism, Waardenburg syndrome, Alström syndrome, Alport syndrome, Refsum disease, Lawrence-Moon syndrome, Hurler syndrome, Scheie syndrome, Sanfilippo syndrome, ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, heart block, Gass adult foveal macular dystrophy, pattern dystrophy, Stargardt disease, Stargardt-like disease, congenital stationary night blindness, retinal renal syndromes, Leber congenital amaurosis, mitochondrial myopathies, congenital rubella, mucopolysaccharidoses, renal-retinal dysplasia, anterior lenticonus, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, Jansky-Bielschowsky disease, Vogt-Spielmeyer-Batten disease, Kufs syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, peroxisomal disorders, Zellweger syndrome, phytanic acid storage disease, pseudo-Zellweger syndrome, mitochondrial disorders

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

David G Telander, MD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Division of Vitreo-Retinal Diseases and Surgery, University of California Davis School of Medicine
David G Telander, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Medical Association, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Anthony de Beus, MD, PhD, Consulting Staff, Southwest Eye Centers
Anthony de Beus, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kent W Small, MD, Director/President, Macular and Retinal Disease Center; President, Molecular Insight LLC; Consulting Surgeon, Glendale Eye Medical Group
Kent W Small, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physician Executives, American Medical Association, American Medical Informatics Association, American Ophthalmological Society, American Society of Human Genetics, Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, California Medical Association, Macula Society, Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology, and Retina Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Russell P Jayne, MD, Consulting Vitreoretinal Surgeon, The Retina Center at Las Vegas
Russell P Jayne, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery, and American Society of Retina Specialists
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD, Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute; Chief of Section of Ophthalmology Surgical Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare Center, West Los Angeles
Simon K Law, MD, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Steve Charles, MD, Director of Charles Retina Institute; Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine; Adjunct Professor of Ophthalmology, Columbia College of Physicians & Surgeons; Clinical Professor Ophthalmology, Chinese University of Hong Kong
Steve Charles, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Retina Specialists, Club Jules Gonin, Macula Society, and Retina Society
Disclosure: Alcon Laboratories Consulting fee Consulting; OptiMedica Ownership interest Consulting

CME Editor

Lance L Brown, OD, MD, Ophthalmologist, Affiliated With Freeman Hospital and St John's Hospital, Regional Eye Center, Joplin, Missouri
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Hampton Roy Sr, MD, Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Hampton Roy Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

 
 
HONcode

We subscribe to the
HONcode principles of the
Health On the Net Foundation

All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright© 1994- by Medscape.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.