Hemorrhage, Vitreous: Differential Diagnoses & Workup

References

1. Abok K, Blomquist E, Ericsson J, Brunk U. Macrophage radiosensitivity in culture as a function of exposure to ionic iron. Virchows Arch B Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol. 1983;42(2):119-29. [Medline].

2. Ackerman J, Goldstein M, Kanarek I. Spontaneous massive vitreous hemorrhage secondary to thrombocytopenia. Ophthalmic Surg. Sep 1980;11(9):636-7. [Medline].

3. Benson WE, Wirostko E, Spalter HF. The effects of inflammation on experimentally induced vitreous hemorrhage. Arch Ophthalmol. Dec 1969;82(6):822-6. [Medline].

4. Burke JM. Vitreal superoxide and superoxide dismutase after hemorrhagic injury: the role of invasive cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. Apr 1981;20(4):435-41. [Medline].

5. Butner RW, McPherson AR. Spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage. Ann Ophthalmol. Mar 1982;14(3):268-70. [Medline].

6. Campbell DG. Ghost cell glaucoma following trauma. Ophthalmology. Nov 1981;88(11):1151-8. [Medline].

7. Campbell DG, Essigmann EM. Hemolytic ghost cell glaucoma. Further studies. Arch Ophthalmol. Nov 1979;97(11):2141-6. [Medline].

8. Clarkson JG. The ocular manifestations of sickle-cell disease: a prevalence and natural history study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1992;90:481-504. [Medline].

9. Dana MR, Werner MS, Viana MA, Shapiro MJ. Spontaneous and traumatic vitreous hemorrhage. Ophthalmology. Sep 1993;100(9):1377-83. [Medline].

10. Ernest JT, Stern WH. Internal limiting membrane detachment in branch retinal vein obstruction. Am J Ophthalmol. Aug 1974;78(2):324-6. [Medline].

11. Fenton RH, Hunter WS. Hemolytic glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol. Aug 1965;10(4):355-60. [Medline].

12. Ferrone PJ, de Juan E Jr. Vitreous hemorrhage in infants. Arch Ophthalmol. Sep 1994;112(9):1185-9. [Medline].

13. Foos RY. Vitreoretinal juncture; topographical variations. Invest Ophthalmol. Oct 1972;11(10):801-8. [Medline].

14. Forrester JV, Lee WR, Williamson J. The pathology of vitreous hemorrhage. I. Gross and histological appearances. Arch Ophthalmol. Apr 1978;96(4):703-10. [Medline].

15. Frankel CA, Pastore DJ. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura with intracranial hemorrhage and vitreous hemorrhage. Clin Pediatr (Phila). Dec 1990;29(12):725-8. [Medline].

16. Gagliano DA, Goldberg MF. The evolution of salmon-patch hemorrhages in sickle cell retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. Dec 1989;107(12):1814-5. [Medline].

17. Goff MJ, McDonald HR, Johnson RN, et al. Causes and treatment of vitreous hemorrhage. Compr Ophthalmol Update. May-Jun 2006;7(3):97-111. [Medline].

18. Greenwald MJ, Weiss A, Oesterle CS, Friendly DS. Traumatic retinoschisis in battered babies. Ophthalmology. May 1986;93(5):618-25. [Medline].

19. Gutierrez Diaz A, Jimenez Carmena J, Ruano Martin F, et al. Intraocular hemorrhage in sudden increased intracranial pressure (Terson syndrome). Ophthalmologica. 1979;179(3):173-6. [Medline].

20. Hayreh SS, Rojas P, Podhajsky P, et al. Ocular neovascularization with retinal vascular occlusion-III. Incidence of ocular neovascularization with retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology. May 1983;90(5):488-506. [Medline].

21. Hayreh SS, Edwards J. Ophthalmic arterial and venous pressures. Effects of acute intracranial hypertension. Br J Ophthalmol. Oct 1971;55(10):649-63. [Medline].

22. Hiscott P, Waller HA, Grierson I, et al. The extracellular matrix of reparative tissue in the vitreous: fibronectin production in proliferative diabetic retinopathy membranes. Eye. 1993;7 (Pt 2):288-92. [Medline].

23. Jampol LM, Ebroon DA, Goldbaum MH. Peripheral proliferative retinopathies: an update on angiogenesis, etiologies and management. Surv Ophthalmol. May-Jun 1994;38(6):519-40. [Medline].

24. Kadrmas EF, Pach JM. Vitreous hemorrhage and retinal vein rupture. Am J Ophthalmol. Jul 1995;120(1):114-5. [Medline].

25. Kasner D. Past and present indications for "open sky" vitrectomy. Advances in Vitreous Surgery. 1976;Jun 2:127-9.

26. Kono T, Higashi M. The pathogenesis of long-standing preretinal membrane induced by vitreous hemorrhage. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. May 1988;92(5):857-63. [Medline].

27. Kono T. Reaction of retinal glial cells to form preretinal membrane induced by vitreous hemorrhage. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi. Oct 1987;91(10):911-22. [Medline].

28. Lincoff H, Kreissig I, Wolkstein M. Acute vitreous haemorrhage: a clinical report. Br J Ophthalmol. Jun 1976;60(6):454-8. [Medline].

29. Lindgren G, Sjodell L, Lindblom B. A prospective study of dense spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage. Am J Ophthalmol. Apr 1995;119(4):458-65. [Medline].

30. Machemer R, Buettner H, Norton EW, Parel JM. Vitrectomy: a pars plana approach. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. Jul-Aug 1971;75(4):813-20. [Medline].

31. McGahan MC, Fleisher LN. Inflammation-induced changes in the iron concentration and total iron- binding capacity of the intraocular fluids of rabbits. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1988;226(1):27-30. [Medline].

32. Miller-Meeks MJ, Bennett SR, Keech RV, Blodi CF. Myopia induced by vitreous hemorrhage. Am J Ophthalmol. Feb 15 1990;109(2):199-203. [Medline].

33. Morris DA, Henkind P. Relationship of intracranial, optic-nerve sheath and retinal hemorrhage. Am J Ophthalmol. Nov 1967;64(5):853-9. [Medline].

34. Morse PH, Aminlari A, Scheie HG. Spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage. Arch Ophthalmol. Oct 1974;92(4):297-8. [Medline].

35. Muller PJ, Deck JH. Intraocular and optic nerve sheath hemorrhage in cases of sudden intracranial hypertension. J Neurosurg. Aug 1974;41(2):160-6. [Medline].

36. Rabb MF, Gagliano DA, Teske MP. Retinal arterial macroaneurysms. Surv Ophthalmol. Sep-Oct 1988;33(2):73-96. [Medline].

37. Russell SR, Hageman GS. Hemorrhagic detachment of the internal limiting membrane after penetrating ocular injury. Retina. 1992;12(4):346-50. [Medline].

38. Sebag J. Age-related changes in human vitreous structure. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1987;225(2):89-93. [Medline].

39. Tawara A. Transformation and cytotoxicity of iron in siderosis bulbi. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. Feb 1986;27(2):226-36. [Medline].

40. Van Bockxmeer FM, Martin CE, Constable IJ. Iron-binding proteins in vitreous humour. Biochim Biophys Acta. Jul 5 1983;758(1):17-23. [Medline].

41. Williams TD. Preretinal/intraretinal hemorrhages: a photographic essay. J Am Optom Assoc. May 1988;59(5):397-400. [Medline].

42. Winslow RL, Taylor BC. Spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage: etiology and management. South Med J. Nov 1980;73(11):1450-2. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

vitreous hemorrhage, retinal vascular tears, neovascularization of the retina, retinal neovascularization, retinal detachment, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, posterior vitreous detachment

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Brian A Phillpotts, MD, Former Vitreo-Retinal Service Director, Former Program Director, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Howard University College of Medicine
Brian A Phillpotts, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Diabetes Association, American Medical Association, and National Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Norman P Blair, MD, Director, Vitreoretinal Division, Laboratory of Retinal Circulation and Metabolism, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary; Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Illinois at Chicago
Norman P Blair, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Diabetes Association, American Ophthalmological Society, and Christian Medical & Dental Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jon P Gieser, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago
Jon P Gieser, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Ophthalmology, and American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Vytautas A Pakainis, MD, Chief of Ophthalmology, Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Professor of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine
Vytautas A Pakainis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and South Carolina Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Simon K Law, MD, PharmD, Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute; Chief of Section of Ophthalmology Surgical Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare Center, West Los Angeles
Simon K Law, MD, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Glaucoma Society, and Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Steve Charles, MD, Director of Charles Retina Institute; Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine
Steve Charles, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American Society of Retina Specialists, Club Jules Gonin, Macula Society, and Retina Society
Disclosure: Alcon Laboratories Consulting fee Consulting; OptiMedica Ownership interest Consulting

CME Editor

Lance L Brown, OD, MD, Ophthalmologist, Affiliated With Freeman Hospital and St John's Hospital, Regional Eye Center, Joplin, Missouri
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Hampton Roy Sr, MD, Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Hampton Roy Sr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Ophthalmology, American College of Surgeons, and Pan-American Association of Ophthalmology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.