Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Treatment & Management

  • Author: Divakara Kedlaya, MBBS; Chief Editor: Jason H Calhoun, MD, FACS   more...
 
Updated: Jul 7, 2011
 

Medical Care

  • Currently, no treatment exists to reverse or slow the natural disease process for the underlying disorder. Nothing can correct the abnormal myelin, prevent its degeneration, or prevent axonal degeneration.
  • Improved understanding of the genetics and biochemistry of the disorder offers hope for an eventual treatment.
  • Patients often are evaluated and treated symptomatically by a team that includes a neurologist, physiatrist, orthopedic surgeon, physical therapist, and occupational therapist.
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Surgical Care

Orthopedic surgery is required to correct severe pes cavus deformities, scoliosis, and other joint deformities. Treatment is determined by the age of the patient and the cause and severity of the deformity.

Surgical procedures consist of the following 3 types:

  • Soft tissue (plantar fascia release, tendon release or transfer)
  • Osteotomy (metatarsal, midfoot, calcaneal)
  • Joint stabilizing (triple arthrodesis)

Surgical procedures are usually staged. The initial procedure is a radical plantar or plantar-medial release, with a dorsal closing-wedge osteotomy of the first metatarsal base if necessary. Tendo calcaneus lengthening should not be performed as part of the initial procedure, because the force used to dorsiflex the forefoot causes the calcaneus to dorsiflex into an unacceptable position. If the hindfoot is flexible and a posterior release is not necessary, posterior tibial tendon transfer can be done as part of the initial procedure for severe anterior tibial weakness.[33]

When the hindfoot is flexible, early, aggressive treatment with soft-tissue releases can delay the need for more extensive reconstructive procedures. The Jones procedure includes transfer of the extensor hallucis longus and arthrodesis of the interphalangeal joint of the great toe.

The Coleman block test is sometimes used to help decide what type of surgery is best. In cases of cavovarus deformity, this test evaluates hindfoot flexibility.[34] The Coleman block test is performed by placing the patient's foot on a wood block that is 2.5-4 cm thick, with the heel and lateral border of the foot on the block and bearing full weight while the first, second, and third metatarsals are allowed to hang freely into plantar flexion and pronation. If heel varus corrects while the patient is standing on the block, the hindfoot is considered flexible. If the subtalar joint is supple and corrects with the block test, then surgical procedures may be directed at correcting forefoot pronation, which is usually due to plantar flexion of the first metatarsal. If the hindfoot is rigid, then surgical correction of the forefoot and hindfoot is required.

Triple arthrodesis serves as a salvage procedure for patients in whom other procedures have been unsuccessful, as well as in patients with untreated fixed deformities.

Children younger than 8 years with supple hindfeet usually respond to plantar releases and appropriate tendon transfers. A first metatarsal osteotomy may be needed in some cases.

Children younger than 12 years with rigid hindfoot deformities may need radical plantar-medial release, first metatarsal osteotomy, and Dwyer lateral closing-wedge osteotomy of the calcaneus to correct the deformities.

In the early 1970s, the Akron dome osteotomy was developed as a salvage surgical option to manage rigid cavus deformity of the foot. In a retrospective study, Weiner and colleagues showed that this operation is a valuable salvage procedure in the management of the rigid cavus deformity in children with CMT disease.[35]

Wukich and Bowen reported that only 14% of patients with CMT disease required triple arthrodesis.[36] They also reported hindfoot stability with triple arthrodesis, and when transferring the posterior tibial tendon anteriorly, this eliminated the need for a postoperative drop-foot brace. They reported good or excellent results in 88% of patients who were treated with this method.

Generally, spinal deformities in children with CMT disease can be treated with the same techniques used for idiopathic scoliosis.

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Consultations

  • Consult specialists in neurogenetics to order specific genetic tests and proper genetic counseling.
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Activity

  • No specific activity limitation is recommended.
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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Divakara Kedlaya, MBBS  Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Medical Director, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Pain Management, St Mary Corwin Medical Center

Divakara Kedlaya, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, American Paraplegia Society, and Colorado Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

James K DeOrio, MD  Director of Foot and Ankle Fellowship Program, Assistant Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Surgery, St Lukes Hospital, Jacksonville, Florida

James K DeOrio, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, Florida Medical Association, and German Society of Neurology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD  Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Shepard R Hurwitz, MD  Executive Director, American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery

Shepard R Hurwitz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Rheumatology, American College of Sports Medicine, American College of Surgeons, American Diabetes Association, American Orthopaedic Association, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Eastern Orthopaedic Association, Orthopaedic Research Society, Orthopaedic Trauma Association, and Southern Orthopaedic Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Dinesh Patel, MD, FACS  Associate Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School; Chief of Arthroscopic Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital

Dinesh Patel, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Jason H Calhoun, MD, FACS  Frank J Kloenne Chair in Orthopedic Surgery, Professor and Chair, Department of Orthopedics, The Ohio State University Medical Center

Jason H Calhoun, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, American Diabetes Association, American Medical Association, American Orthopaedic Association, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, Missouri State Medical Association, Musculoskeletal Infection Society, Southern Medical Association, Southern Orthopaedic Association, Texas Medical Association, and Texas Orthopaedic Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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Foot deformities in a 16-year-old boy with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A DNA test showing duplication in the short arm of chromosome 17 (A); compared with normal (B).
Nerve conduction study showing decreased nerve conduction velocity in the median nerve in an 18-year-old woman with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1.
Table 1
CMT TypeChromosome; Inheritance PatternAge of OnsetClinical FeaturesAverage NCVs§
CMT 1A (PMP-22 dupl.)17p11; AD*First decadeDistal weakness15-20 m/s
CMT 1B (P0 -MPZ)**1q22; ADFirst decadeDistal weakness< 20 m/s
CMT 1C (non A, non B)16p13;ADSecond decadeDistal weakness26-42 m/s
CMT 1D (early growth response [EGR]–2)#[21] 10q21; ADFirst decadeDistal weakness15-20 m/s
CMT 1E17p11; ADFirst decadeDistal weakness, deafness15-20 m/s
CMT 1F8p21; ADFirst decadeDistal weakness15-20 m/s
CMT X (Connexin-32)[22, 23, 24, 25, 26] Xq13; XD‡Second decadeDistal weakness25-40 m/s
CMT 2A1p36; AD10 yDistal weakness>38 m/s
CMT 2B3q; ADSecond decadeDistal weakness,



sensory loss, skin ulcers



Axon loss; Normal
CMT 2C12q23-q24, ADFirst decadeVocal cord, diaphragm, and



distal weakness



>50 m/s
CMT 2D7p14; AD16-30 yDistal weakness, upper limb predominantlyAxon loss; N††
CMT 2E8p21; AD10-30 yDistal weakness, lower limb predominantlyAxon loss; N
CMT 2F7q11-q21; AD15-25 yDistal weaknessAxon loss; N
CMT 2G12q12-q13; ?AD9-76 yDistal weaknessAxon loss; N
CMT 2H?; AR†15-25 yDistal weakness, Pyramidal featuresAxon loss; N
CMT 2I1q22; AD47-60 yDistal weaknessAxon loss; N
CMT 2J1q22; AD40-50 yDistal weakness, hearing lossAxon loss; N
CMT 2K8q13-q21; AR< 4 yDistal weaknessAxon loss; N
CMT 2L12q24; AD15-25 yDistal weaknessAxon loss; N
CMT R-Ax (Ouvrier)ARFirst decadeDistal weaknessAxon loss; N
CMT R-Ax (Moroccan)1q21; ARSecond decadeDistal weaknessAxon loss; N
Cowchock syndromeXq24-q26First decadeDistal weakness, deafness, mental retardationAxon loss; N
HNPP|| (PMP-22)



Or tomaculous neuropathy



17p11; ADAll agesEpisodic weakness and numbnessConduction Blocks
Dejerine-Sottas syndrome (DSS) or hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) 3P0; AR



PMP-22; AD



8q23; AD



2 ySevere weakness< 10 m/s
Congenital



hypomyelination (CH)



P0, EGR2 or PMP-22



AR



BirthSevere weakness< 10 m/s
CMT 4A8q13; ARChildhoodDistal weaknessSlow
CMT 4B



(Myotubular in-related



protein-2)[17]



11q23; AR2-4 yDistal and proximal



weakness



Slow
CMT 4C5q23; AR5-15 yDelayed walking14-32 m/s
CMT 4D (Lom)



(N-myc Downstream-



Regulated Gene 1)



8q24; AR1-10 yDistal muscle wasting, foot and hand deformities10-20 m/s
CMT 4E (EGR2)10q21; ARBirthInfant hypotonia9-20 m/s
CMT 4G10q23.2; AR8-16 yearsDistal weakness9-20 m/s
CMT 4H12p11.21-q13.11; AR0-2 yearsDelayed walking9-20 m/s
CMT 4F19q13; AR1-3 yMotor delayAbsent
*Autosomal dominant



†Autosomal recessive



‡X-linked dominant



§Nerve conduction velocities



||Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy



¶Peripheral myelin protein



#Early growth response



**Myelin protein zero



††Normal



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