Introduction
A triple arthrodesis consists of the surgical fusion of the talocalcaneal (TC), talonavicular (TN), and calcaneocuboid (CC) joints in the foot. The primary goals of a triple arthrodesis are to relieve pain from arthritic, deformed, or unstable joints. Other important goals are the correction of deformity and creation of a stable, balanced plantigrade foot.
History of the Procedure
Edwin W. Ryerson first described triple arthrodesis in 1923 as a fusion of the TC, TN, and CC joints.1 The goal was to create a well-aligned, plantigrade, and stable foot that would allow patients with paralytic or deforming conditions to function better. The most common indications were to correct lower extremity deformities in children resulting from poliomyelitis, cerebral palsy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, clubfoot, or tuberculosis.
The original procedures were performed by removing large blocks of subchondral bone and correcting the angular deformities by inserting or removing wedges. The corrections were maintained by casting that often required later manipulation for loss of position. Kirschner wires (K-wires), Steinmann pins, and staples were used over time to hold the corrections in place. Internal fixation with Association for the Study of Internal Fixation (AO/ASIF) technique and various compression screws has become standard.
Presentation
Presentations in the office or clinic can vary, depending on the underlying pathology. A common feature of patients is the development of degenerative joint disease (DJD). Conditions that produce an improperly functioning, unstable foot that leads to DJD are the main indications for surgical treatment. Subtalar joint (STJ) arthritis usually manifests as pain located anterior to the distal tip of the fibula in the region of the sinus tarsi. The pain is exacerbated with forced inversion and eversion of the heel. In advanced cases, crepitation is noted with forced range of motion (ROM). Similar findings can be seen in the CC and TN joints. Pain is usually elicited with periarticular palpation.
Depending on the underlying pathology, the patient may present with a varus or valgus deformity or neither. Posttraumatic arthritis often presents with a rectus foot and complaints consistent with DJD of the STJ. It commonly occurs after calcaneal fractures with posterior facet involvement. Depending on the severity of the fracture, the heel can be shortened, can be widened, and can have an uneven lateral wall with bony prominences (see Images 1-4). These findings are typically seen in lateral wall blowout fractures that do not undergo open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF). Similar fractures with inadequate ORIF or varus or valgus deformity can also be seen in these cases.
Valgus deformities are commonly seen in collapsing pes planovalgus, late-stage tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction, tarsal coalition, and some neuromuscular conditions. They are easy to identify, especially in the latter stages of the deformity, and present with a heel in valgus, an abducted forefoot, and a medial arch that is typically collapsed (see Images 5-9).
Varus foot deformities are seen in cavus foot types, cavovarus foot types, talipes equinovarus, and some neuromuscular conditions. The most common neuromuscular condition presenting with a varus deformity is Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (see Images 10-14). This deformity is also fairly easy to identify. The patient will have a heel that is in a varus position, an adducted forefoot, a higher than normal arch, and ankles that are storklike.
Indications
Triple arthrodesis should be considered as a salvage procedure and only used after other treatment modalities have been exhausted. In conditions in which a lesser fusion or soft-tissue procedure will suffice, triple arthrodeses should not be used because of the potential long-term complications associated with it. The primary indications for the procedure are as follows2 :
- Valgus foot deformities that cannot be adequately braced
- Collapsing pes planovalgus deformity
- Tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction
- Tarsal coalition
- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
- Degenerative arthritis (eg, DJD)
- Posttraumatic arthritis
- Chronic pain
- Varus foot deformities that cannot be adequately braced
- Cavus and cavovarus
- Talipes equinovarus
- Joint instability
- Neuromuscular disease
Relevant Anatomy
The bony anatomy consists of the talus, calcaneus, cuboid, and navicular. The talus and calcaneus make up the STJ. Its articular portion is composed of the more important posterior facets of the talus and calcaneus and the smaller anterior and middle facets. The anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, deltoid, and interosseous TC ligaments stabilize it. Subtalar motion is triplanar and is described appropriately as pronation (dorsiflexion, eversion, and external rotation) and supination (plantarflexion, inversion, and internal rotation). Clinically, however, most motion takes place in the frontal plane and is seen as heel eversion and inversion. Although normal ROM values are difficult to measure, a practical rule of thumb is 30° of total motion with approximately 10° of inversion and 20° of eversion.
The sinus tarsus is a tunnellike structure extending from distal lateral to posterior medial in the rearfoot. It is formed dorsally by the concavity in the neck of the talus and plantarly by the sulcus between the posterior facet and sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus. This structure is widest laterally and contains the bifurcate, cervical, and interosseous ligaments. It is filled by a fatty plug known as the Hoke tonsil and serves as the origin of the extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) muscle.
The head of the talus and the navicular constitute the TN joint. This is a condylar joint. The head of the talus is convex, and the corresponding surface of the navicular is concave. This is an important spatial relationship to understand because the navicular forms a lip around a portion of the talar head, making it difficult to fully access the joint and remove adequate amounts of cartilage. Normally, during stance phase, the calcaneus everts, and the talus plantarflexes and internally rotates. This action produces a relative dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction of the navicular, which subsequently translates that motion to the forefoot. In excessive or pathologic cases, this presents as medial arch collapse with forefoot abduction. The opposite takes place with weight-bearing STJ supination.
The anterior articular portion of the calcaneus and cuboid make up the CC joint. This is often the first joint resected during a triple arthrodesis and is the most easily accessible of the 3 joints. Directly superior to the joint is the EDB muscle belly and lateral to it are the peroneal tendons.
The sural nerve courses along the lateral side of the foot, and the superficial peroneal nerve takes a more dorsal lateral position. It should be noted that there is significant anatomic variation of the sural nerve and care must be exercised when making the incision. The lateral incision is placed between these 2 nerves. The saphenous nerve and vein enter the foot on the dorsal medial aspect. A medial incision is also made and is usually located in line and just plantar to these structures.
Contraindications
Contraindications to triple arthrodesis include conditions that can be adequately corrected and maintained via external bracing, soft-tissue procedures and tendon balancing, or lesser fusions. Chronic smoking is a relative contraindication due to the associated high incidence of nonunion.
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References
Ryerson EW. Arthrodesing operations on the feet. J Bone Joint Surg. 1923;5:453-71.
Goecker RM, Ruch JA. Rearfoot arthrodesis. In: Banks AS, Downey MS, Martin DE, Miller SJ, eds. McGlamry's Comprehensive Textbook of Foot and Ankle Surgery. Vol 2. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2001: 1167-92.
Amis JA. Talus-Calcaneus-Cuboid (Triple) Arthrodesis. In: Johnson KA, ed. The Foot and Ankle. New York: Raven;. 1994: 369-400.
Suckel A, Muller O, Herberts T, Langenstein P, Reize P, Wulker N. Talonavicular arthrodesis or triple arthrodesis: peak pressure in the adjacent joints measured in 8 cadaver specimens. Acta Orthop. Oct 2007;78(5):592-7. [Medline].
Jackson WF, Tryfonidis M, Cooke PH, Sharp RJ. Arthrodesis of the hindfoot for valgus deformity. An entirely medial approach. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Jul 2007;89(7):925-7. [Medline].
Maskill MP, Loveland JD, Mendicino RW, Saltrick K, Catanzariti AR. Triple arthrodesis for the adult-acquired flatfoot deformity. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. Oct 2007;24(4):765-78, x. [Medline].
Bono JV, Jacobs RL. Triple arthrodesis through a single lateral approach: a cadaveric experiment. Foot Ankle. Sep 1992;13(7):408-12. [Medline].
Duncan JW, Lovell WW. Hoke triple arthrodesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Sep 1978;60(6):795-8. [Medline].
Fisher J. New ways to heal fractures enter market in the works. Orthop Today. 1996;16(1):24-6.
Gellman H, Lenihan M, Halikis N, et al. Selective tarsal arthrodesis: an in vitro analysis of the effect on foot motion. Foot Ankle. Dec 1987;8(3):127-33. [Medline].
Talarico LM, Vito GR. Triple arthrodesis using external ring fixation and arched-wire compression: an evaluation of 87 patients. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. Jan-Feb 2004;94(1):12-21. [Medline].
Further Reading
Keywords
joint fusion, talocalcaneal joint, talonavicular joint, calcaneocuboid joint, TC joint, TN joint, CC joint, foot arthrodesis, foot joints, degenerative joint disease, DJD, degenerative arthritis, arthritis, foot arthritis, varus deformity of the foot, valgus deformity of the foot
