eMedicine Specialties > Orthopedic Surgery > Hand & Upper Extremity
Torticollis: Workup
Updated: Feb 5, 2008
Workup
Laboratory Studies
- No specific lab tests are helpful.
Imaging Studies
- Cervical spine films are used to evaluate for fracture or subluxation.
- CT scan or MRI of the cervical spine is diagnostic for retropharyngeal abscess or other neck masses.
- MRI or CT scan with contrast of the brain may be used to exclude brain tumor.
Other Tests
- Electromyography (EMG) is useful in defining the degree of muscle or nerve involvement.
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Workup: Torticollis |
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References
Campana BA, Rosen P. Soft tissue spine injuries and back pain. In: Emergency Medicine. 4th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1998:881.
Canale ST. Congenital muscular torticollis. In: Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics. 9th ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby-Year Book; 1998:1064-1067.
Chang A, Rosen P. Torticollis. In: The 5 Minute Emergency Medicine Consult. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 1999:1138-1139.
Harrigan RA, Brady WJ, Tintinalli JE. Antipsychotics/adverse effects. In: Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide. 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2000:1086.
Jones ET, Mayer P, Weinstein S. The neck/torticollis. In: Turek's Orthopaedics: Principles and Their Application. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven; 1994:341-345.
Li Sergio, Harwood-Nuss AL. Torticollis. In: The Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 1996:1170-1171.
Tindall GT, Cooper PR. Spasmodic torticollis. In: Practice of Neurosurgery. Vol 3. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 1996:2636, 2807, 2969, 3236-7.
Wilkins RH, Rengachary SS. Spasmodic torticollis. In: Neurosurgery. 2nd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1996:4159-4161.
Jankovic J, Tsui J, Bergeron C. Prevalence of cervical dystonia and spasmodic torticollis in the United States general population. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. Oct 2007;13(7):411-6. [Medline].
Salvia P, Champagne O, Feipel V, Rooze M, de Beyl DZ. Clinical and goniometric evaluation of patients with spasmodic torticollis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). May 2006;21(4):323-9. [Medline].
Stevens P, Downey C, Boyd V, Cole P, Stal S, Edmond J. Deformational plagiocephaly associated with ocular torticollis: a clinical study and literature review. J Craniofac Surg. Mar 2007;18(2):399-405. [Medline].
Schertz M, Zuk L, Zin S, Nadam L, Schwartz D, Bienkowski RS. Motor and cognitive development at one-year follow-up in infants with torticollis. Early Hum Dev. Jan 2008;84(1):9-14. [Medline].
Snyder EM, Coley BD. Limited value of plain radiographs in infant torticollis. Pediatrics. Dec 2006;118(6):e1779-84. [Medline].
Herman MJ. Torticollis in infants and children: common and unusual causes. Instr Course Lect. 2006;55:647-53. [Medline].
Oleszek JL, Chang N, Apkon SD, Wilson PE. Botulinum toxin type a in the treatment of children with congenital muscular torticollis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. Oct 2005;84(10):813-6. [Medline].
Ferkel RD, Westin GW, Dawson EG, Oppenheim WL. Muscular torticollis. A modified surgical approach. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Sep 1983;65(7):894-900. [Medline].
Bertrand C, Molina-Negro P, Bouvier G, Gorczyca W. Observations and analysis of results in 131 cases of spasmodic torticollis after selective denervation. Appl Neurophysiol. 1987;50(1-6):319-23. [Medline].
Bertrand CM, Molina-Negro P. Selective peripheral denervation in 111 cases of spasmodic torticollis: rationale and results. Adv Neurol. 1988;50:637-43. [Medline].
Bertrand CM. Selective peripheral denervation for spasmodic torticollis: surgical technique, results, and observations in 260 cases. Surg Neurol. Aug 1993;40(2):96-103. [Medline].
Further Reading
Keywords
wryneck, spasmodic torticollis, cervical dystonia, loxia, congenital muscular torticollis, neck pain, twisted neck
Workup: Torticollis