Pyridoxine Deficiency Treatment & Management

  • Author: Richard E Frye, MD, PhD; Chief Editor: George T Griffing, MD   more...
 
Updated: May 26, 2010
 

Medical Care

Levels of pyridoxine hydrochloride supplementation in various medical conditions are as follows:

  • Cirrhosis - 50 mg/d
  • Hemodialysis - 5-50 mg/d
  • Peritoneal dialysis - 2.5-5 mg/d
  • Chronic renal failure - 2.5-5 mg/d
  • Sideroblastic anemia - 50-600 mg/d
  • Pyridoxine-dependent seizures - 100 mg/d
  • Homocystinuria - 100-500 mg/d
  • Homocystinemia - 100-500 mg/d
  • Gyromitra poisoning - 25 mg/kg IV

At one time, pyridoxine supplementation was given to people with sickle cell anemia; however, no changes were noted in these patients' hematologic indexes or disease activity.

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Diet

  • Pyridoxine is widespread in foods. Rather robust quantities can be found in meats, particularly liver, fish, and chicken; vegetables, particularly beans, peas, and tomato; fruits, such as oranges, bananas, and avocados; and grains, such as enriched breads, cereals, and grains.
  • Some vegetables contain up to 70% biologically unavailable pyridoxine as pyridoxine-5-glucoside.
  • Some heat-treated foods may contain pyridoxine-lysine, which has antivitamin activity.
  • The minimum daily requirement of pyridoxine is approximately 1.5 mg; however, the recommended daily intake by the US National Research Council is 2 mg for adults and 0.3 mg for infants.
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Activity

Vigorous exercise results in a transient increase in plasma PLP, probably from the release of muscular glycogen phosphate. Carbohydrate loading prior to exercise reduces this response. Within 30 minutes of discontinuing exercise, PLP levels return to normal.

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Richard E Frye, MD, PhD  Assistant Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston

Richard E Frye, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Pediatrics, Child Neurology Society, and International Neuropsychological Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Serge A Jabbour, MD  Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Thomas Jefferson University

Serge A Jabbour, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Diabetes Association, American Medical Association, American Thyroid Association, Endocrine Society, and Pennsylvania Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Elena Citkowitz, MD, PhD, FACP  Clinical Professor of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; Director, Cholesterol Management Center, Director, Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, Hospital of St Raphael

Elena Citkowitz, MD, PhD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, National Lipid Association, and Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD  Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine

Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Kent Wehmeier, MD  Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, St Louis University School of Medicine

Kent Wehmeier, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Hypertension, Endocrine Society, and International Society for Clinical Densitometry

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark Cooper, MBBS, PhD, FRACP  Head, Diabetes & Metabolism Division, Baker Heart Research Institute, Professor of Medicine, Monash University

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

George T Griffing, MD  Professor of Medicine, St Louis University School of Medicine

George T Griffing, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Medical Practice Executives, American College of Physician Executives, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, Central Society for Clinical Research, Endocrine Society, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, and Southern Society for Clinical Investigation

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

References

  1. Bender DA. Vitamin B6 requirements and recommendations. Eur J Clin Nutr. May 1989;43(5):289-309. [Medline].

  2. Tierney LM, McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA, eds. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment. 40th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001.

  3. Goetz CG. Vitamin deficiencies. In: Goetz CG, Pappert EJ, eds. Textbook of Clinical Neurology. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1999.

  4. Scriver CR, Gibson KM. Disorders of beta- and gamma-amino acids in free and peptide-linked forms. In: Scriver CR, Beaudet A, Sly W, et al, eds. The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. 7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1995:1349-68.

  5. Beutler E, Lichtman MA, Coller BS, eds. Williams Hematology. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001.

  6. Chiang EP, Smith DE, Selhub J, et al. Inflammation causes tissue-specific depletion of vitamin B6. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(6):R1254-62. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  7. Kelly PJ, Kistler JP, Shih VE, et al. Inflammation, homocysteine, and vitamin B6 status after ischemic stroke. Stroke. Jan 2004;35(1):12-5. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  8. Kaczorowska M, Kmiec T, Jakobs C, et al. Pyridoxine-dependent seizures caused by alpha amino adipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency: the first Polish case with confirmed biochemical and molecular pathology. J Child Neurol. Oct 14 2008;[Medline].

  9. Striano P, Battaglia S, Giordano L, et al. Two novel ALDH7A1 (antiquitin) splicing mutations associated with pyridoxine-dependent seizures. Epilepsia. Aug 19 2008;[Medline].

  10. Khayat M, Korman SH, Frankel P, et al. PNPO deficiency: an under diagnosed inborn error of pyridoxine metabolism. Mol Genet Metab. Aug 2008;94(4):431-4. [Medline].

  11. Morris MS, Picciano MF, Jacques PF, et al. Plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in the US population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2004. Am J Clin Nutr. May 2008;87(5):1446-54. [Medline].

  12. Woolf K, Manore MM. Elevated plasma homocysteine and low vitamin B-6 status in nonsupplementing older women with rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Diet Assoc. Mar 2008;108(3):443-53; discussion 454. [Medline].

  13. Baggot PJ, Eliseo AJ, DeNicola NG, et al. Pyridoxine-related metabolite concentrations in normal and Down syndrome amniotic fluid. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2008;23(4):254-7. [Medline].

  14. Balasa VV, Kalinyak KA, Bean JA, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with low plasma pyridoxine levels in children with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. Jun-Jul 2002;24(5):374-9. [Medline].

 
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