eMedicine Specialties > Orthopedic Surgery > Neoplasms

Unicameral Bone Cyst: Workup

Author: Charles T Mehlman, DO, MPH, Director, Musculoskeletal Outcomes Research, Associate Professor, Division of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Apr 8, 2008

Workup

Laboratory Studies

  • The diagnosis of a UBC is strongly suspected based upon its typical radiographic appearance and is confirmed when an appropriate cyst fluid is demonstrated. Specific laboratory tests are not a routine part of the workup of a UBC.8,29,30,31

Imaging Studies

  • Plain radiographs
    • Appropriate imaging studies for a UBC should always include plain radiographs.
    • The plain radiograph appearance of the lesion is virtually diagnostic.
    • A particular radiographic sign (ie, fallen-fragment sign) is, at times, very helpful in the radiographic diagnosis of a UBC. Reynolds is credited with describing this sign in 1969.32
      • Typically, the sign is identified when the patient with a UBC presents with a pathologic fracture. The interior of the bone cyst may have complete or nearly complete thin bony septations within the cyst.
      • At the time of pathologic fracture, a portion of one of these bony segments may actually break free and float to the bottom of the cyst. This is possible because the UBC is filled with fluid and is not a solid. The fallen-fragment sign is found in approximately 20% of patients who present with a pathologic fracture secondary to a UBC.33,34
      • Some authors have altered the original description of this sign and refer to it as the fallen-leaf sign as they choose to imagine the broken fragment of bone gently wafting down from the top of the cyst to the bottom of the cyst as if it were a leaf slowly falling to earth from a tree.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)35,36,37
    • If a UBC is in close proximity to a growth plate and growth impairment is a concern, MRI may prove to be quite helpful.
    • MRI should not be a routine part of the workup of a UBC. Instead, it should be reserved for unusual or atypical situations. One such instance is a cyst in which growth-plate damage is a concern. Several authors have documented that such damage can occur about the proximal humeral growth plate.
    • Another situation in which preoperative MRI could be of value is in rare cases in which a more sinister diagnosis is suspected, such as in persons with pseudocystic osteosarcoma or low-grade central osteosarcoma. In such instances, MRI is an appropriate part of preoperative staging of such a tumor.
    • A UBC can produce a wide variety of appearances on MRI, including rather heterogeneous fluid signals and even fluid-fluid levels (a sign much more commonly found in aneurysmal bone cysts).

More on Unicameral Bone Cyst

Overview: Unicameral Bone Cyst
Workup: Unicameral Bone Cyst
Treatment: Unicameral Bone Cyst
Follow-up: Unicameral Bone Cyst
Multimedia: Unicameral Bone Cyst
References
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

References

  1. Lagier R, Kramar C, Baud CA. Femoral unicameral bone cyst in a medieval child. Radiological and pathological study. Pediatr Radiol. 1987;17(6):498-500. [Medline].

  2. Virchow R. [On the formation of bony cysts] [German]. Ueber die bildung von knochencysten. Berlin, Germany: Monatsber d Kgl Akad D Wissenschaften. Sitzung der Phisikalischen-mathemat Klasse vom; 12 Juni 1876:369-81.

  3. Jaffe HL, Lichtenstein L. Solitary unicameral bone cyst with emphasis on the roentgen picture, the pathologic appearance and the pathogenesis. Arch Surg. 1942;44:1004-25.

  4. Stanton RP, Abdel-Mota'al MM. Growth arrest resulting from unicameral bone cyst. J Pediatr Orthop. Mar-Apr 1998;18(2):198-201. [Medline].

  5. Grabias S, Mankin HJ. Chondrosarcoma arising in histologically proved unicameral bone cyst. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Oct 1974;56(7):1501-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  6. Steinberg GG. Ewing's sarcoma arising in a unicameral bone cyst. J Pediatr Orthop. Jan-Feb 1985;5(1):97-100. [Medline].

  7. Lokiec F, Ezra E, Khermosh O, Wientroub S. Simple bone cysts treated by percutaneous autologous marrow grafting. A preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Nov 1996;78(6):934-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  8. Lokiec F, Wientroub S. Simple bone cyst: etiology, classification, pathology, and treatment modalities. J Pediatr Orthop B. Oct 1998;7(4):262-73. [Medline].

  9. Godette GA, Rooney RJ. Two different non-neoplastic lesions in the same long bone. Contemp Orthop. 1995;30:395-98.

  10. Park IH, Micic ID, Jeon IH. A study of 23 unicameral bone cysts of the calcaneus: open chip allogeneic bone graft versus percutaneous injection of bone powder with autogenous bone marrow. Foot Ankle Int. Feb 2008;29(2):164-70. [Medline].

  11. Glaser DL, Dormans JP, Stanton RP, Davidson RS. Surgical management of calcaneal unicameral bone cysts. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Mar 1999;360:231-7. [Medline].

  12. Zenmyo M, Komiya S, Hamada T, Inoue A. A solitary bone cyst in the spinous process of the cervical spine: a case report. Spine. Mar 1 2000;25(5):641-2. [Medline].

  13. Chaudhary D, Bhatia N, Ahmed A, et al. Unicameral bone cyst of the patella. Orthopedics. Dec 2000;23(12):1285-6. [Medline].

  14. Abdelwahab IF, Hermann G, Norton KI, et al. Simple bone cysts of the pelvis in adolescents. A report of four cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Aug 1991;73(7):1090-4. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  15. Smith RW, Smith CF. Solitary unicameral bone cyst of the calcaneus. A review of twenty cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Jan 1974;56(1):49-56. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  16. Cohen J. Simple bone cysts. Studies of cyst fluid in six cases with a theory of pathogenesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Jun 1960;42-A(4):609-16. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  17. Chigira M, Maehara S, Arita S, Udagawa E. The aetiology and treatment of simple bone cysts. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Nov 1983;65(5):633-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  18. Gebhart M, Blaimont P. Contribution to the vascular origin of the unicameral bone cyst. Acta Orthop Belg. Sep 1996;62(3):137-43. [Medline].

  19. Mirra JM, Bernard GW, Bullough PG, Johnston W, Mink G. Cementum-like bone production in solitary bone cysts (so-called "cementoma" of long bones). Report of three cases. Electron microscopic observations supporting a synovial origin to the simple bone cyst. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Sep 1978;135:295-307. [Medline].

  20. Yu CL, D'Astous J, Finnegan M. Simple bone cysts. The effects of methylprednisolone on synovial cells in culture. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Jan 1991;262:34-41. [Medline].

  21. Shindell R, Huurman WW, Lippiello L, Connolly JF. Prostaglandin levels in unicameral bone cysts treated by intralesional steroid injection. J Pediatr Orthop. Sep-Oct 1989;9(5):516-9. [Medline].

  22. Gerasimov AM, Toporova SM, Furtseva LN, et al. The role of lysosomes in the pathogenesis of unicameral bone cysts. Clin Orthop Relat Res. May 1991;266:53-63. [Medline].

  23. Komiya S, Tsuzuki K, Mangham DC, et al. Oxygen scavengers in simple bone cysts. Clin Orthop. Nov 1994;(308):199-206. [Medline].

  24. Vayego SA, De Conti OJ, Varella-Garcia M. Complex cytogenetic rearrangement in a case of unicameral bone cyst. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. Jan 1996;86(1):46-9. [Medline].

  25. Vayego-Lourenco SA. TP53 mutations in a recurrent unicameral bone cyst. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. Jan 15 2001;124(2):175-6. [Medline].

  26. Komiya S, Inoue A. Development of a solitary bone cyst--a report of a case suggesting its pathogenesis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2000;120(7-8):455-7. [Medline].

  27. Farber JM, Stanton RP. Treatment options in unicameral bone cysts. Orthopedics. Jan 1990;13(1):25-32. [Medline].

  28. Kaelin AJ, MacEwen GD. Unicameral bone cysts. Natural history and the risk of fracture. Int Orthop. 1989;13(4):275-82. [Medline].

  29. Capanna R, Campanacci DA, Manfrini M. Unicameral and aneurysmal bone cysts. Orthop Clin North Am. Jul 1996;27(3):605-14. [Medline].

  30. Lodwick GS, Wilson AJ, Farrell C, Virtama P, Dittrich F. Determining growth rates of focal lesions of bone from radiographs. Radiology. Mar 1980;134(3):577-83. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  31. Sundaram M, Totty WG, Kyriakos M, McDonald DJ, Merkel K. Imaging findings in pseudocystic osteosarcoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Mar 2001;176(3):783-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  32. Reynolds J. The "fallen fragment sign" in the diagnosis of unicameral bone cysts. Radiology. Apr 1969;92(5):949-53 passim. [Medline].

  33. Struhl S, Edelson C, Pritzker H, Seimon LP, Dorfman HD. Solitary (unicameral) bone cyst. The fallen fragment sign revisited. Skeletal Radiol. 1989;18(4):261-5. [Medline].

  34. McGlynn FJ, Mickelson MR, El-Khoury GY. The fallen fragment sign in unicameral bone cyst. Clin Orthop Relat Res. May 1981;156:157-9. [Medline].

  35. Maas EJ, Craig JG, Swisher PK, Amin MB, Marcus N. Fluid-fluid levels in a simple bone cyst on magnetic resonance imaging. Australas Radiol. Aug 1998;42(3):267-70. [Medline].

  36. Margau R, Babyn P, Cole W, Smith C, Lee F. MR imaging of simple bone cysts in children: not so simple. Pediatr Radiol. Aug 2000;30(8):551-7. [Medline].

  37. Sullivan RJ, Meyer JS, Dormans JP, Davidson RS. Diagnosing aneurysmal and unicameral bone cysts with magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Sep 1999;366:186-90. [Medline].

  38. Campanacci M, Capanna R, Picci P. Unicameral and aneurysmal bone cysts. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Mar 1986;204:25-36. [Medline].

  39. Neer CS 2nd, Francis KC, Marcove RC, Terz J, Carbonara PN. Treatment of unicameral bone cyst. A follow-up study of one hundred seventy-five cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Jun 1966;48(4):731-45. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  40. Oppenheim WL, Galleno H. Operative treatment versus steroid injection in the management of unicameral bone cysts. J Pediatr Orthop. Jan 1984;4(1):1-7. [Medline].

  41. Bovill DF, Skinner HB. Unicameral bone cysts. A comparison of treatment options. Orthop Rev. Apr 1989;18(4):420-7. [Medline].

  42. Carrata A, Garbagna P, Mapelli S, Zucchi V. The treatment of simple bone cysts by topical infiltrations of methylprednisolone acetate: technique and results. Eur J Radiol. Feb 1983;3(1):3-8. [Medline].

  43. Clayer M. Injectable form of calcium sulphate as treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts. ANZ J Surg. May 2008;78(5):366-70. [Medline].

  44. Hecht AC, Gebhardt MC. Diagnosis and treatment of unicameral and aneurysmal bone cysts in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. Feb 1998;10(1):87-94. [Medline].

  45. [Best Evidence] Wright JG, Yandow S, Donaldson S, Marley L. A randomized clinical trial comparing intralesional bone marrow and steroid injections for simple bone cysts. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Apr 2008;90(4):722-30. [Medline].

  46. Altermatt S, Schwöbel M, Pochon JP. Operative treatment of solitary bone cysts with tricalcium phosphate ceramic. A 1 to 7 year follow-up. Eur J Pediatr Surg. Jun 1992;2(3):180-2. [Medline].

  47. Spence KF Jr, Bright RW, Fitzgerald SP, Sell KW. Solitary unicameral bone cyst: treatment with freeze-dried crushed cortical-bone allograft. A review of one hundred and forty-four cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Jul 1976;58(5):636-41. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  48. Neer CS, Francis KC, Johnston AD, Kiernan HA Jr. Current concepts on the treatment of solitary unicameral bone cyst. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Nov-Dec 1973;97:40-51. [Medline].

  49. Fahey JJ, O'Brien ET. Subtotal resection and grafting in selected cases of solitary unicameral bone cyst. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Jan 1973;55(1):59-68. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  50. McKay DW, Nason SS. Treatment of unicameral bone cysts by subtotal resection without grafts. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Jun 1977;59(4):515-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  51. Scaglietti O, Marchetti PG, Bartolozzi P. Final results obtained in the treatment of bone cysts with methylprednisolone acetate (depo-medrol) and a discussion of results achieved in other bone lesions. Clin Orthop Relat Res. May 1982;165:33-42. [Medline].

  52. Komiya S, Minamitani K, Sasaguri Y, et al. Simple bone cyst. Treatment by trepanation and studies on bone resorptive factors in cyst fluid with a theory of its pathogenesis. Clin Orthop. Feb 1993;(287):204-11. [Medline].

  53. Capanna R, Dal Monte A, Gitelis S, Campanacci M. The natural history of unicameral bone cyst after steroid injection. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Jun 1982;166:204-11. [Medline].

  54. Fernbach SK, Blumenthal DH, Poznanski AK, Dias LS, Tachdjian MO. Radiographic changes in unicameral bone cysts following direct injection of steroids: a report on 14 cases. Radiology. Sep 1981;140(3):689-95. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  55. Mitchell EP, Fugle MJ, Limbert AB. The treatment of unicameral bone cysts with injections of methylprednisolone acetate: a case study and review of the literature. J Am Osteopath Acad Orthop. 1983;2:19-23.

  56. Scaglietti O, Marchetti PG, Bartolozzi P. The effects of methylprednisolone acetate in the treatment of bone cysts. Results of three years follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Br. May 1979;61-B(2):200-4. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  57. Rosenborg M, Mortensson W, Hirsch G, Sisask G, Karlsson A. Considerations in the corticosteroid treatment of bone cysts. J Pediatr Orthop. Mar-Apr 1989;9(2):240-3. [Medline].

  58. Capanna R, Albisinni U, Caroli GC, Campanacci M. Contrast examination as a prognostic factor in the treatment of solitary bone cyst by cortisone injection. Skeletal Radiol. 1984;12(2):97-102. [Medline].

  59. Garg NK, Carty H, Walsh HP, Dorgan JC, Bruce CE. Percutaneous Ethibloc injection in aneurysmal bone cysts. Skeletal Radiol. Apr 2000;29(4):211-6. [Medline].

  60. Adamsbaum C, Kalifa G, Seringe R, Dubousset J. Direct Ethibloc injection in benign bone cysts: preliminary report on four patients. Skeletal Radiol. 1993;22(5):317-20. [Medline].

  61. Killian JT, Wilkinson L, White S, Brassard M. Treatment of unicameral bone cyst with demineralized bone matrix. J Pediatr Orthop. Sep-Oct 1998;18(5):621-4. [Medline].

  62. Yandow SM, Lundeen GA, Scott SM, Coffin C. Autogenic bone marrow injections as a treatment for simple bone cyst. J Pediatr Orthop. Sep-Oct 1998;18(5):616-20. [Medline].

  63. Wientroub S, Goodwin D, Khermosh O, Salama R. The clinical use of autologous marrow to improve osteogenic potential of bone grafts in pediatric orthopedics. J Pediatr Orthop. Mar-Apr 1989;9(2):186-90. [Medline].

  64. Delloye C, Docquier PL, Cornu O, et al. Simple bone cysts treated with aspiration and a single bone marrow injection. A preliminary report. Int Orthop. 1998;22(2):134-8. [Medline].

  65. Köse N, Göktürk E, Turgut A, Günal I, Seber S. Percutaneous autologous bone marrow grafting for simple bone cysts. Bull Hosp Jt Dis. 1999;58(2):105-10. [Medline].

  66. Moreau G, Letts M. Unicameral bone cyst of the calcaneus in children. J Pediatr Orthop. Jan-Feb 1994;14(1):101-4. [Medline].

  67. Imhäuser G. [Management of juvenile bone cysts using intramedullary nailing?] [German]. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. Oct 1968;105(3):110-1. [Medline].

  68. Roposch A, Saraph V, Linhart WE. Flexible intramedullary nailing for the treatment of unicameral bone cysts in long bones. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Oct 2000;82-A(10):1447-53. [Medline].

  69. Santori F, Ghera S, Castelli V. Treatment of solitary bone cysts with intramedullary nailing. Orthopedics. Jun 1988;11(6):873-8. [Medline].

  70. Catier P, Bracq H, Canciani JP, Allouis M, Babut JM. [The treatment of upper femoral unicameral bone cysts in children by Ender's nailing technique] [French]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 1981;67(2):147-9. [Medline].

  71. Gupta AK, Crawford AH. Solitary bone cyst with epiphyseal involvement: confirmation with magnetic resonance imaging. A case report and review of the literature. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Jun 1996;78(6):911-5. [Medline].

  72. Malawer MM, Markle B. Unicameral bone cyst with epiphyseal involvement: clinicoanatomic analysis. J Pediatr Orthop. Mar 1982;2(1):71-9. [Medline].

  73. Bensahel H, Jehanno P, Desgrippes Y, Pennecot GF. Solitary bone cyst: controversies and treatment. J Pediatr Orthop B. Oct 1998;7(4):257-61. [Medline].

  74. Atar D, Lehman WB, Grant AD. Unicameral bone cysts. Contemp Orthop. 1991;23:249-53.

  75. Capanna R, Van Horn J, Ruggieri P, Biagini R. Epiphyseal involvement in unicameral bone cysts. Skeletal Radiol. 1986;15(6):428-32. [Medline].

  76. Choong PF, Pritchard DJ, Rock MG, et al. Low grade central osteogenic sarcoma. A long-term followup of 20 patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Jan 1996;322:198-206. [Medline].

  77. Cohen J. Simple bone cysts treated by injection of autologous bone marrow. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Sep 1997;79(5):877. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  78. de Palma L, Santucci A. Treatment of bone cysts with methylprednisolone acetate. A 9 to 11 year follow-up. Int Orthop. 1987;11(1):23-8. [Medline].

  79. Delling G, Sopta J. [Solitary bone cysts of the pelvis : A frequently misinterpreted entity.] [German]. Pathologe. Mar 7 2008;[Medline].

  80. Gakuu LN. Solitary unicameral bone cyst. East Afr Med J. Jan 1997;74(1):31-2. [Medline].

  81. Galey JP. Ten year retrospection of the treatment of unicameral bone cysts. J Bone Joint Surg [Br]. 1986;68-B:675.

  82. Gartland JJ, Cole FL. Modern concepts in the treatment of unicameral bone cysts of the proximmal humerus. Orthop Clin North Am. Apr 1975;6(2):487-98. [Medline].

  83. Gitelis S, Wilkins R, Conrad EU 2nd. Benign bone tumors. Instr Course Lect. 1996;45:425-46. [Medline].

  84. Göktürk E, Köse N. Simple bone cysts treated by percutaneous autologous marrow grafting [letter]. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Jul 1997;79(4):695. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  85. Haims AH, Desai P, Present D, Beltran J. Epiphyseal extension of a unicameral bone cyst. Skeletal Radiol. Jan 1997;26(1):51-4. [Medline].

  86. Inoue O, Ibaraki K, Shimabukuro H, Shingaki Y. Packing with high-porosity hydroxyapatite cubes alone for the treatment of simple bone cyst. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Aug 1993;293:287-92. [Medline].

  87. Kiesler TW, Kling TF, Rougraff BT. Unicameral bone cysts. Curr Opin Orthop. 1994;5:75-81.

  88. Lin PP, Brown C, Raymond AK, Deavers MT, Yasko AW. Aneurysmal bone cysts recur at juxtaphyseal locations in skeletally immature patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Mar 2008;466(3):722-8. [Medline].

  89. Madhavan P, Ogilvie C. Premature closure of upper humeral physis after fracture through simple bone cyst. J Pediatr Orthop B. Jan 1998;7(1):83-5. [Medline].

  90. Makley JT, Joyce MJ. Unicameral bone cyst (simple bone cyst). Orthop Clin North Am. Jul 1989;20(3):407-15. [Medline].

  91. Mirzayan R, Panossian V, Avedian R, Forrester DM, Menendez LR. The use of calcium sulfate in the treatment of benign bone lesions. A preliminary report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Mar 2001;83-A(3):355-8. [Medline].

  92. Peltier LF, Jones RH. Treatment of unicameral bone cysts by curettage and packing with plaster-of-Paris pellets. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Sep 1978;60(6):820-2. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  93. Robbins H. The treatment of unicameral or solitary bone cysts by the injection of corticosteroids. Bull Hosp Jt Dis Orthop Inst. Spring 1982;42(1):1-16. [Medline].

  94. Schreuder HW, Conrad EU 3rd, Bruckner JD, Howlett AT, Sorensen LS. Treatment of simple bone cysts in children with curettage and cryosurgery. J Pediatr Orthop. Nov-Dec 1997;17(6):814-20. [Medline].

  95. Schreuder HW, Veth RP. Simple bone cysts treated by injection of autologous bone marrow. J Bone Joint Surg Br. Sep 1997;79(5):877. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  96. Spence KF, Sell KW, Brown RH. Solitary bone cyst: treatment with freeze-dried cancellous bone allograft. A study of one hundred seventy-seven cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. Jan 1969;51(1):87-96. [Medline]. [Full Text].

  97. Wilkins RM. Unicameral bone cysts. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. Jul-Aug 2000;8(4):217-24. [Medline].

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Further Reading

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Keywords

UBC, simple bone cyst, solitary bone cyst, bone cyst, solitary unicameral bone cyst, benign bone cyst, essential bone cyst, aneurysmal bone cyst

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Charles T Mehlman, DO, MPH, Director, Musculoskeletal Outcomes Research, Associate Professor, Division of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
Charles T Mehlman, DO, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Fracture Association, American Medical Association, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, American Osteopathic Association, Arthroscopy Association of North America, North American Spine Society, Ohio State Medical Association, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America, and Scoliosis Research Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Miguel A Schmitz, MD, Consulting Surgeon, Department of Orthopedics, Klamath Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Clinic
Miguel A Schmitz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, and Arthroscopy Association of North America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Sean P Scully, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Orthopedics, University of Miami
Sean P Scully, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, and Society of Surgical Oncology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Dinesh Patel, MD, FACS, Associate Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School; Chief of Arthroscopic Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital
Dinesh Patel, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin, American College of International Physicians, and American College of Surgeons
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Harris Gellman, MD, Consulting Surgeon, Broward Hand Center; Voluntary Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery and Plastic Surgery, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine
Harris Gellman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Medical Acupuncture, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Association, American Society for Surgery of the Hand, and Arkansas Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

 
 
HONcode

We subscribe to the
HONcode principles of the
Health On the Net Foundation

All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright© 1994- by Medscape.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.