eMedicine Specialties > Orthopedic Surgery > Pediatrics

Congenital Spinal Deformity: Multimedia

Author: Robert Mervyn Letts, MD, FRCS(C), FACS, Former Chief, Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa; Consultant Pediatric Orthopedic Surgeon, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, UAE
Coauthor(s): Ayman Hussein Jawadi, MBBS, Pediatric Orthopedic Consultant, Department of Surgery, King Fahad National Guard Hospital
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Jan 29, 2009

Multimedia

Minor malformations of the spine seldom are appar...
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Media file 1: Minor malformations of the spine seldom are apparent and often are identified only on routine chest films.
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Minor malformations of the spine seldom are appar...

Minor malformations of the spine seldom are apparent and often are identified only on routine chest films.

Clinical results of an untreated, unilateral unse...
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Media file 2: Clinical results of an untreated, unilateral unsegmented bar.
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Clinical results of an untreated, unilateral unse...

Clinical results of an untreated, unilateral unsegmented bar.

A patient with severe, congenital hyperlordosis.
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Media file 3: A patient with severe, congenital hyperlordosis.
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A patient with severe, congenital hyperlordosis.

A patient with severe, congenital hyperlordosis.

Congenital kyphosis from a posterior, unbalanced ...
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Media file 4: Congenital kyphosis from a posterior, unbalanced hemivertebra.
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Congenital kyphosis from a posterior, unbalanced ...

Congenital kyphosis from a posterior, unbalanced hemivertebra.

Ventromedial cells of the sclerotome migrate towa...
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Media file 5: Ventromedial cells of the sclerotome migrate toward the midline of the embryo to surround the neural tube and the notochord. There they form the precursors of the vertebral arch and vertebral body.
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Ventromedial cells of the sclerotome migrate towa...

Ventromedial cells of the sclerotome migrate toward the midline of the embryo to surround the neural tube and the notochord. There they form the precursors of the vertebral arch and vertebral body.

Vertebral morphogenesis; each vertebral sclerotom...
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Media file 6: Vertebral morphogenesis; each vertebral sclerotome splits into a cranial and a caudal portion, which recombine with the superior and inferior sclerotome, permitting the segmental spinal nerves to grow out and to innervate the myotome derivatives.
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Vertebral morphogenesis; each vertebral sclerotom...

Vertebral morphogenesis; each vertebral sclerotome splits into a cranial and a caudal portion, which recombine with the superior and inferior sclerotome, permitting the segmental spinal nerves to grow out and to innervate the myotome derivatives.

The cervical spine has 8 nerves as a result of th...
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Media file 7: The cervical spine has 8 nerves as a result of the resegmentation of the sclerotome. The cranial portion of the first cervical sclerotome combines with the fourth occipital sclerotome to contribute to the base of the skull, whereas the eighth cranial somite contributes to C7 and T1.
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The cervical spine has 8 nerves as a result of th...

The cervical spine has 8 nerves as a result of the resegmentation of the sclerotome. The cranial portion of the first cervical sclerotome combines with the fourth occipital sclerotome to contribute to the base of the skull, whereas the eighth cranial somite contributes to C7 and T1.

Failure of formation. Top left: anterior central ...
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Media file 8: Failure of formation. Top left: anterior central defect. Top right: incarcerated hemivertebra. Bottom, from left to right: free hemivertebra, wedge vertebra, and multiple hemivertebrae.
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Failure of formation. Top left: anterior central ...

Failure of formation. Top left: anterior central defect. Top right: incarcerated hemivertebra. Bottom, from left to right: free hemivertebra, wedge vertebra, and multiple hemivertebrae.

Failure of segmentation. Left: block vertebra. Ri...
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Media file 9: Failure of segmentation. Left: block vertebra. Right: unilateral unsegmented bar.
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Failure of segmentation. Left: block vertebra. Ri...

Failure of segmentation. Left: block vertebra. Right: unilateral unsegmented bar.

Mixed vertebral deformity involving the thoracolu...
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Media file 10: Mixed vertebral deformity involving the thoracolumbar spine.
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Mixed vertebral deformity involving the thoracolu...

Mixed vertebral deformity involving the thoracolumbar spine.

Anterior unsegmented bar leading to congenital ky...
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Media file 11: Anterior unsegmented bar leading to congenital kyphosis.
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Anterior unsegmented bar leading to congenital ky...

Anterior unsegmented bar leading to congenital kyphosis.

Unilateral unsegmented bar leading to scoliosis.
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Media file 12: Unilateral unsegmented bar leading to scoliosis.
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Unilateral unsegmented bar leading to scoliosis.

Unilateral unsegmented bar leading to scoliosis.

Types of hemivertebrae. A: fully segmented hemive...
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Media file 13: Types of hemivertebrae. A: fully segmented hemivertebra. B: unsegmented hemivertebra. C: incarcerated hemivertebra.
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Types of hemivertebrae. A: fully segmented hemive...

Types of hemivertebrae. A: fully segmented hemivertebra. B: unsegmented hemivertebra. C: incarcerated hemivertebra.

Sacral agenesis classification. A: type I. B: typ...
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Media file 14: Sacral agenesis classification. A: type I. B: type II. C: type III. D: type IV.
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Sacral agenesis classification. A: type I. B: typ...

Sacral agenesis classification. A: type I. B: type II. C: type III. D: type IV.

Lateral craniotomy. The drawing indicates the 3 l...
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Media file 15: Lateral craniotomy. The drawing indicates the 3 lines used to determine basilar impressions on lateral radiographs.
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Lateral craniotomy. The drawing indicates the 3 l...

Lateral craniotomy. The drawing indicates the 3 lines used to determine basilar impressions on lateral radiographs.

Gradations of the odontoid process's appearance.
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Media file 16: Gradations of the odontoid process's appearance.
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Gradations of the odontoid process's appearance.

Gradations of the odontoid process's appearance.

Klippel-Feil syndrome with congenital fusion of t...
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Media file 17: Klippel-Feil syndrome with congenital fusion of the entire cervical spine.
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Klippel-Feil syndrome with congenital fusion of t...

Klippel-Feil syndrome with congenital fusion of the entire cervical spine.

More on Congenital Spinal Deformity

References
Further Reading
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References

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Further Reading

Guidelines:

Guidelines for the performance of fusion procedures for degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. Part 11: interbody techniques for lumbar fusion. American Association of Neurological Surgeons - Medical Specialty Society
Congress of Neurological Surgeons - Professional Association.  2005 Jun.  8 pages.  NGC:005372

Guidelines for the performance of fusion procedures for degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. Part 16: bone graft extenders and substitutes. American Association of Neurological Surgeons - Medical Specialty Society
Congress of Neurological Surgeons - Professional Association.  2005 Jun.  4 pages.  NGC:005377

Guidelines for the performance of fusion procedures for degenerative disease of the lumbar spine. Part 9: fusion in patients with stenosis and spondylolisthesis. American Association of Neurological Surgeons - Medical Specialty Society
Congress of Neurological Surgeons - Professional Association.  2005 Jun.  7 pages.  NGC:005370

Screening for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents: recommendation statement. United States Preventive Services Task Force - Independent Expert Panel.  1996 (revised 2004 Jun).  4 pages.  NGC:003625

Clinical studies:
Surgical Outcomes Using Variable Rod Diameters in the Treatment of Idiopathic Scoliosis

Phase IV Comparing Rods of Yield Strengths to Correct Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.

Influence of Leg Length Discrepancy on the Spinal Shape and Biomechanics in Functional and Idiopathic Scoliosis Patients

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Keywords

hyperlordosis, lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis, congenital scoliosis, sacral agenesis, lumbosacral agenesis, cervical spine anomalies, basilar impression, invagination, occipitalization of the atlas, assimilation of the atlas into the occipital bone, occipitocervical synostosis, odontoid anomalies, Klippel-Feil syndrome, trisomy 21 syndrome, Down syndrome, deletion 5p syndrome, chromosomal number 5 syndrome, Kabuki syndrome, Noonan syndrome, Turnerlike syndrome, Aarskog syndrome, cervico-oculo-acoustic syndrome, Wildervanck syndrome, MURCS association, VACTERL association, VACTERL syndrome, Jarcho-Levin syndrome, spondylothoracic dysplasia, Proteus syndrome

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Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Robert Mervyn Letts, MD, FRCS(C), FACS, Former Chief, Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Orthopedics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa; Consultant Pediatric Orthopedic Surgeon, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, UAE
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Ayman Hussein Jawadi, MBBS, Pediatric Orthopedic Consultant, Department of Surgery, King Fahad National Guard Hospital
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Mininder S Kocher, MD, MPH, Associate Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School/Harvard School of Public Health; Associate Director, Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston
Mininder S Kocher, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Association for the History of Medicine, American Medical Association, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, and Massachusetts Medical Society
Disclosure: Smith & Nephew Endoscopy Consulting fee Consulting; ConMed Linvatec Consulting fee Consulting; Covidian Consulting fee Consulting; EBI Biomet Consulting fee Consulting

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

George H Thompson, MD, Director, Pediatric Orthopedics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital
George H Thompson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Association, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America, and Scoliosis Research Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Dinesh Patel, MD, FACS, Associate Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School; Chief of Arthroscopic Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital
Dinesh Patel, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin, American College of International Physicians, and American College of Surgeons
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Dennis P Grogan, MD, Clinical Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine; Chief of Staff, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shriners Hospital for Children of Tampa
Dennis P Grogan, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Orthopaedic Association, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, Eastern Orthopaedic Association, Irish American Orthopaedic Society, Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America, and Scoliosis Research Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

 
 
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