eMedicine Specialties > Plastic Surgery > Breast

Breast, Poland Syndrome: Follow-up

Author: Bradon J Wilhelmi, MD, Professor and Endowed Leonard J Weiner, MD, Chair of Plastic Surgery, Residency Program Director, University of Louisville School of Medicine
Coauthor(s): Paige Bryant Cornette, MD, Staff Physician, Department of Plastic Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine; Michael Neumeister, MD, FRCSC, Professor & Chairman - FACS - Director Hand/Microsurgery Fellowship - Division of Plastic Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Jul 28, 2009

Outcome and Prognosis

With appropriate timing, procedure selection, preoperative evaluation, and preoperative discussion to give appropriate expectations, excellent results and high patient satisfaction can be achieved in the treatment of chest and breast deformities resulting from Poland syndrome. Through the early use of tissue expansion, breast growth can be achieved to rival or match the normal development on the unaffected side. Tissue expansion prepares the breast envelope for the autogenous reconstruction and permanent implant and can sometimes improve nipple and areolar irregularities as well. Finally, upon completion of breast development, the latissimus muscle can be used to reconstruct the axillary line, reconstruct the infraclavicular hollow, and provide implant coverage.

 


More on Breast, Poland Syndrome

Overview: Breast, Poland Syndrome
Workup: Breast, Poland Syndrome
Treatment: Breast, Poland Syndrome
Follow-up: Breast, Poland Syndrome
References
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

References

  1. Cochran JH Jr, Pauly TJ, Edstrom LE, Dibbell DG. Hypoplasia of the latissimus dorsi muscle complicating breast reconstruction in Poland's syndrome. Ann Plast Surg. May 1981;6(5):402-4. [Medline].

  2. Longaker MT, Glat PM, Colen LB, Siebert JW. Reconstruction of breast asymmetry in Poland's chest-wall deformity using microvascular free flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg. Feb 1997;99(2):429-36. [Medline].

  3. Bainbridge LC, Wright AR, Kanthan R. Computed tomography in the preoperative assessment of Poland's syndrome. Br J Plast Surg. Nov-Dec 1991;44(8):604-7. [Medline].

  4. Moir CR, Johnson CH. Poland's syndrome. Semin Pediatr Surg. Aug 2008;17(3):161-6. [Medline].

  5. Argenta LC, VanderKolk C, Friedman RJ, Marks M. Refinements in reconstruction of congenital breast deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg. Jul 1985;76(1):73-82. [Medline].

  6. Hester TR Jr, Bostwick J 3rd. Poland's syndrome: correction with latissimus muscle transposition. Plast Reconstr Surg. Feb 1982;69(2):226-33. [Medline].

  7. Moelleken BR, Mathes SA, Chang N. Latissimus dorsi muscle-musculocutaneous flap in chest-wall reconstruction. Surg Clin North Am. Oct 1989;69(5):977-90. [Medline].

  8. Gatti JE. Poland's deformity reconstructions with a customized, extrasoft silicone prosthesis. Ann Plast Surg. Aug 1997;39(2):122-30. [Medline].

  9. Hochberg J, Ardenghy M, Graeber GM, Murray GF. Complex reconstruction of the chest wall and breast utilizing a customized silicone implant. Ann Plast Surg. May 1994;32(5):524-8. [Medline].

  10. Marks MW, Iacobucci J. Reconstruction of congenital chest wall deformities using solid silicone onlay prostheses. Chest Surg Clin N Am. May 2000;10(2):341-55, vii. [Medline].

  11. Barnett GR, Gianoutsos MP. The latissimus dorsi added fat flap for natural tissue breast reconstruction: report of 15 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. Jan 1996;97(1):63-70. [Medline].

  12. Beer GM. The clinical findings of a missing latissimus dorsi muscle in Poland's syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg. Mar 1997;99(3):926-7. [Medline].

  13. Bostwick J. Plastic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery. Vol 1. St Louis: Quality Medical Publishing Inc; 1990.

  14. Fodor PB. Latissimus dorsi flap in Poland's syndrome. Ann Plast Surg. Sep 1981;7(3):258. [Medline].

  15. Hodgkinson DJ. Re: Poland's deformity reconstruction with a customized extrasoft silicone prosthesis. Ann Plast Surg. Feb 1998;40(2):194-5. [Medline].

  16. Kelly EJ, O'Sullivan ST, Kay SP. Microneurovascular transfer of contralateral latissimus dorsi in Poland's syndrome. Br J Plast Surg. Sep 1999;52(6):503-4. [Medline].

  17. Marks MW, Argenta LC, Izenberg PH, Mes LG. Management of the chest-wall deformity in male patients with Poland's syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg. Apr 1991;87(4):674-8; discussion 679-81. [Medline].

  18. McDowell F. On the propagation, perpetuation, and parroting of erroneous eponyms such as "Poland's Syndrome". Plast Reconstr Surg. Apr 1977;59(4):561-3. [Medline].

  19. Santi P, Berrino P, Galli A. Poland's syndrome: correction of thoracic anomaly through minimal incisions. Plast Reconstr Surg. Oct 1985;76(4):639-41. [Medline].

  20. Santi P, Berrino P, Galli A, et al. Anterior transposition of the latissimus dorsi muscle through minimal incisions. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg. 1986;20(1):89-92. [Medline].

  21. Schultz RC, Dolezal RF, Nolan J. Further applications of Archimedes' principle in the correction of asymmetrical breasts. Ann Plast Surg. Feb 1986;16(2):98-101. [Medline].

  22. Seyfer AE. Chest wall reconstruction. In: Plastic Surgery: Indications, Operations, and Outcomes. St Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2000:chap 36.

  23. Shaw WW, Aston SJU, Zide BM. Reconstruction of the trunk. In: Plastic Surgery. Vol 6. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1990:chap 76.

  24. Spear SL, Hoffman S. Relocation of the displaced nipple-areola by reciprocal skin grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg. Apr 1998;101(5):1355-8. [Medline].

  25. Spear SL, Romm S, Hakki A, Little JW 3rd. Costal cartilage sculpturing as an adjunct to augmentation mammaplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. Jun 1987;79(6):921-6. [Medline].

  26. Stewart CA, Hung GL, Glaser AM, Himel HN. Infected breast reconstruction associated with Poland's syndrome. Clin Nucl Med. Jan 1990;15(1):43-5. [Medline].

  27. Urschel HC Jr, Byrd HS, Sethi SM, Razzuk MA. Poland's syndrome: improved surgical management. Ann Thorac Surg. Mar 1984;37(3):204-11. [Medline].

  28. Versaci AD, Balkovich ME, Goldstein SA. Breast reconstruction by tissue expansion for congenital and burn deformities. Ann Plast Surg. Jan 1986;16(1):20-31. [Medline].

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Further Reading

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Keywords

poland syndrome, breast hypoplasia, breast aplasia, nipple aplasia, nipple hypoplasia, missing pectoralis major, absent pectoralis major, absent pectoralis muscle, abnormal breast growth, breast asymmetry, abnormal breast development, subcutaneous fat deficiency, axillary hair deficiency, rib cage abnormalities, upper extremity anomalies, breast implant, breast implant expander, teenage breast implant, short upper arm, short forearm, short fingers, symphalangism, breast implants, breast reconstruction, breast symmetry, breast asymmetry, leukemia, non-Hodgkin, non-hodgkin, ipsilateral absence of sternal head of the pectoralis major

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Bradon J Wilhelmi, MD, Professor and Endowed Leonard J Weiner, MD, Chair of Plastic Surgery, Residency Program Director, University of Louisville School of Medicine
Bradon J Wilhelmi, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association for Hand Surgery, American Association of Clinical Anatomists, American Association of Plastic Surgeons, American Burn Association, American College of Surgeons, American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, American Society for Surgery of the Hand, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Association for Surgical Education, Plastic Surgery Research Council, and Wound Healing Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Paige Bryant Cornette, MD, Staff Physician, Department of Plastic Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Neumeister, MD, FRCSC, Professor & Chairman - FACS - Director Hand/Microsurgery Fellowship - Division of Plastic Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine
Michael Neumeister, MD, FRCSC is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Hand Surgery, American Association of Plastic Surgeons, American Burn Association, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, American Society for Surgery of the Hand, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Association of Academic Chairmen of Plastic Surgery, Canadian Society of Plastic Surgeons, Illinois State Medical Society, Illinois State Medical Society, Ontario Medical Association, Plastic Surgery Research Council, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, and Society of University Surgeons
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Pankaj Tiwari, MD, Assistant Professor, Division of Plastic Surgery, Ohio State University
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Saleh M Shenaq, MD†, Former Director and Founder, The International Brachial Plexus Institute; Former Chief, Section of Plastic Surgery, Methodist Hospital, Houston
Saleh M Shenaq, MD† is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for Hand Surgery, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Plastic Surgeons, American Burn Association, American College of Physician Executives, American College of Surgeons, American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine, American Medical Association, American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, American Society for Surgery of the Hand, American Society of Gene Therapy, American Society of Law Medicine and Ethics, American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, American Trauma Society, Association for Academic Surgery, International College of Surgeons, Lipoplasty Society of North America, Plastic Surgery Research Council, Society for Neuroscience, Society of Surgical Oncology, Southern Medical Association, Texas Medical Association, and Texas Society of Plastic Surgeons
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Nicolas (Nick) G Slenkovich, MD, Director, Colorado Plastic Surgery Center
Nicolas (Nick) G Slenkovich, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, and Colorado Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

James Neal Long, MD, Assistant Professor of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Kirklin Clinics
James Neal Long, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Plastic Surgery Research Council, Sigma Xi, Southeastern Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons, and Southeastern Surgical Congress
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

 
 
HONcode

We subscribe to the
HONcode principles of the
Health On the Net Foundation

All material on this website is protected by copyright, Copyright© 1994- by Medscape.
This website also contains material copyrighted by 3rd parties.

DISCLAIMER: The content of this Website is not influenced by sponsors. The site is designed primarily for use by qualified physicians and other medical professionals. The information contained herein should NOT be used as a substitute for the advice of an appropriately qualified and licensed physician or other health care provider. The information provided here is for educational and informational purposes only. In no way should it be considered as offering medical advice. Please check with a physician if you suspect you are ill.