eMedicine Specialties > Plastic Surgery > Craniofacial

Craniofacial, Pharyngoplasty and Pharyngeal Flaps: Multimedia

Author: Pravin K Patel, MD, Associate Professor of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Northwestern University School of Medicine; Chief of Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children; Head of Craniofacial Surgery, Children's Memorial Hospital
Coauthor(s): Erin K McGraw, MA, CCC-SLP/L, Speech-Language Pathologist, Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Team, Shriners Hospital for Children-Chicago; Raja Ramaswamy, MS, The Chicago Medical School; Mary M O'Gara, MA, Director, Cleft Lip and Palate Institute, Inc; Associate Professor, Northwestern University Medical School; Mitchell F Grasseschi, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Private Practice, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Contributor Information and Disclosures

Updated: Feb 23, 2009

Multimedia

Sphincter pharyngoplasty. The palatopharyngeus mu...
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Media file 1: Sphincter pharyngoplasty. The palatopharyngeus muscles are incised bilaterally, and 2 flaps are constructed from the posterior tonsillar pillars. These superiorly based musculomucosal flaps are approximated on the midline of the posterior pharyngeal wall.
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Sphincter pharyngoplasty. The palatopharyngeus mu...

Sphincter pharyngoplasty. The palatopharyngeus muscles are incised bilaterally, and 2 flaps are constructed from the posterior tonsillar pillars. These superiorly based musculomucosal flaps are approximated on the midline of the posterior pharyngeal wall.

Pharyngeal flap. A mucosal flap from the posterio...
(Enlarge Image)
Media file 2: Pharyngeal flap. A mucosal flap from the posterior pharyngeal wall is attached to the soft palate, creating a midline subtotal obstruction of the oral and nasal cavities with 2 small lateral openings, or ports, that ideally remain patent during respiration and nasal consonant production and close for oral consonants.
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Pharyngeal flap. A mucosal flap from the posterio...

Pharyngeal flap. A mucosal flap from the posterior pharyngeal wall is attached to the soft palate, creating a midline subtotal obstruction of the oral and nasal cavities with 2 small lateral openings, or ports, that ideally remain patent during respiration and nasal consonant production and close for oral consonants.

More on Craniofacial, Pharyngoplasty and Pharyngeal Flaps

Overview: Craniofacial, Pharyngoplasty and Pharyngeal Flaps
Workup: Craniofacial, Pharyngoplasty and Pharyngeal Flaps
Treatment: Craniofacial, Pharyngoplasty and Pharyngeal Flaps
Follow-up: Craniofacial, Pharyngoplasty and Pharyngeal Flaps
Multimedia: Craniofacial, Pharyngoplasty and Pharyngeal Flaps
References
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References

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  3. Schoenborn K. Ueber eine neue Methode der Staphylorrhaphie. Verth Dtsch Ges Chir. 1975;4:235-39.

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  9. Ruscello DM. A selected review of palatal training procedures. Cleft Palate J. Jul 1982;19(3):181-93. [Medline].

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  13. Chen PK, Wu J, Hung KF, Chen YR, Noordhoff MS. Surgical correction of submucous cleft palate with Furlow palatoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. May 1996;97(6):1136-46; discussion 1147-9. [Medline].

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  16. Hofer SO, Dhar BK, Robinson PH, Goorhuis-Brouwer SM, Nicolai JP. A 10-year review of perioperative complications in pharyngeal flap surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. Nov 2002;110(6):1393-7; discussion 1398-1400. [Medline].

  17. LaRossa D, Jackson OH, Kirschner RE, et al. The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia modification of the Furlow double-opposing z-palatoplasty: long-term speech and growth results. Clin Plast Surg. Apr 2004;31(2):243-9. [Medline].

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  23. Witt PD, Marsh JL, Muntz HR, Marty-Grames L, Watchmaker GP. Acute obstructive sleep apnea as a complication of sphincter pharyngoplasty. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. May 1996;33(3):183-9. [Medline].

  24. Witt PW. Velopharyngeal insufficiency. In: Achauer BM, Eriksson E, Guyuron B, Coleman JJ, Russell RC, Vander Kolk CA, Wilkins EG, eds. Plastic Surgery: Indications, Operations and Outcomes. Vol 2. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby-Year Book; 2000:819-34.

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Further Reading

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Keywords

velopharyngeal dysfunction, VPD, velopharyngeal insufficiency, velopharyngeal inadequacy, velopharyngeal incompetence, VPI, VP inadequacy, VP incompetence, VP insufficiency, VP augmentation, velopharyngeal augmentation, cranio-facial surgery, cranio-facial pharyngoplasty, craniofacial pharyngoplasty, pharyngeal flap, speech disorder, resonance disorder, hypernasality, misarticulation, escape of air through the nose, nasal emissions, aberrant facial movements, grimacing, cleft palate repair, cleft palate, structural palate deficiency, myasthenia gravis, cerebrovascular accident, upper motor neuron lesion, lower motor neuron lesion, head trauma, short palate, scarred palate, tightened palate, levator palatini dysfunction, levator palatini malposition, poor pharyngeal wall mobility, misarticulated speech, palatal prosthesis, velar lift, VP obturator, velopharyngeal obturator

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Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Pravin K Patel, MD, Associate Professor of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Northwestern University School of Medicine; Chief of Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children; Head of Craniofacial Surgery, Children's Memorial Hospital
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Erin K McGraw, MA, CCC-SLP/L, Speech-Language Pathologist, Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Team, Shriners Hospital for Children-Chicago
Erin K McGraw, MA, CCC-SLP/L is a member of the following medical societies: American Cleft Palate/Craniofacial Association and American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Raja Ramaswamy, MS, The Chicago Medical School
Raja Ramaswamy, MS is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary M O'Gara, MA, Director, Cleft Lip and Palate Institute, Inc; Associate Professor, Northwestern University Medical School
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mitchell F Grasseschi, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University; Private Practice, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Larry Hollier, Jr, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Plastic Surgery, Baylor University College of Medicine
Larry Hollier, Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Cleft Palate/Craniofacial Association, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons, AO Foundation, and Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

S Anthony Wolfe, MD, Chief, Division of Plastic Surgery, Miami Children's Hospital; Voluntary Professor, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine
S Anthony Wolfe, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Plastic Surgeons, American Cleft Palate/Craniofacial Association, American College of Surgeons, American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons, American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Florida Medical Association, and Southeastern Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Nicolas (Nick) G Slenkovich, MD, Director, Colorado Plastic Surgery Center
Nicolas (Nick) G Slenkovich, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, and Colorado Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Jorge I de la Torre, MD, FACS, Professor of Surgery and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Residency Program Director, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Director, Center for Advanced Surgical Aesthetics
Jorge I de la Torre, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Plastic Surgeons, American Burn Association, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery, American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery, American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Association for Academic Surgery, and Medical Association of the State of Alabama
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

 
 
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