eMedicine Specialties > Plastic Surgery > Craniofacial
Craniosynostosis Management: Multimedia
Updated: Sep 17, 2008
Multimedia
![]() | Media file 1: Craniosynostosis management. Lateral view of a child with sagittal craniosynostosis demonstrating frontal and occipital bossing and dolichocephaly. |
![]() | Media file 2: Craniosynostosis management. Superior view of a child with sagittal craniosynostosis demonstrating frontal bossing bilaterally and dolichocephaly. |
![]() | Media file 3: Craniosynostosis management. Child with bicoronal synostosis with exorbitism and recessed frontoorbital bar. |
![]() | Media file 4: Craniosynostosis management. Child with bicoronal synostosis with exorbitism and recessed frontoorbital bar in association with mild turricephaly. |
![]() | Media file 6: Craniosynostosis management. Superior view of a child with metopic craniosynostosis showing trigonocephaly (narrowing of the anterior calvarium). |
![]() | Media file 7: Craniosynostosis management. Frontal view of a child with metopic craniosynostosis demonstrating a metopic ridge. |
![]() | Media file 8: Craniosynostosis management. Superior view of a 3-dimensional CT scan demonstrating a fused sagittal suture with frontal bossing and patent coronal sutures. |
![]() | Media file 9: Craniosynostosis management. A child with metopic craniosynostosis with ridging at the site of the metopic suture and hypoplasia of the orbits. |
![]() | Media file 10: Craniosynostosis management. Superior view of 3-dimensional CT scan of a child with metopic craniosynostosis and patent coronal and sagittal sutures. Note the trigonocephaly. |
![]() | Media file 11: Craniosynostosis management. Lateral view of 3-dimensional CT scan of a child with bicoronal synostosis. Note the recession of the frontoorbital bar and turricephaly. |
![]() | Media file 12: Craniosynostosis management. Frontal view of a 3-dimensional CT scan demonstrating turricephaly and recession of the frontoorbital bar. |
![]() | Media file 16: Craniosynostosis management. A 3-dimensional CT scan showing bilambdoid craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 17: Craniosynostosis management. A 3-dimensional MRI examination of the brain demonstrating the cortical sulci and gyri architecture. |
![]() | Media file 18: Craniosynostosis management. MRI examination of the brain of a child with unicoronal craniosynostosis demonstrating an abnormal brain cortex. |
![]() | Media file 20: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative photograph of a child with sagittal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 21: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative photograph of a child with sagittal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 22: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative photograph of a child with sagittal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 23: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative CT image of a child with sagittal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 24: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative CT image of a child with sagittal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 25: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative CT image of a child with sagittal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 26: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative CT image of a child with sagittal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 27: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative photograph of a child with sagittal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 28: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative photograph of a child with sagittal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 29: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative photograph of a child with sagittal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 30: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative CT image of a child with sagittal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 31: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative CT image of a child with sagittal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 32: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative CT image of a child with sagittal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 33: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative photograph of a child with unicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 34: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative photograph of a child with unicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 35: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative photograph of a child with unicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 36: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative CT image of a child with unicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 37: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative CT image of a child with unicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 38: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative CT image of a child with unicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 39: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative CT image of a child with unicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 40: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative photograph of a child with unicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 41: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative photograph of a child with unicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 42: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative photograph of a child with unicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 43: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative CT image of a child with unicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 44: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative CT image of a child with unicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 45: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative CT image of a child with unicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 46: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative CT image of a child with unicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 47: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative photograph of a child with bicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 48: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative photograph of a child with bicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 49: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative CT image of a child with bicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 50: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative CT image of a child with bicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 51: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative CT image of a child with bicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 52: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative photograph of a child with bicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 53: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative photograph of a child with bicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 54: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative CT image of a child with bicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 55: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative CT image of a child with bicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 56: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative CT image of a child with bicoronal craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 57: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative photograph of a child with metopic craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 58: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative photograph of a child with metopic craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 59: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative CT image of a child with metopic craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 60: Craniosynostosis management. Preoperative CT image of a child with metopic craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 61: Craniosynostosis management. Intraoperative photograph of insertion of tenon-and-mortise bone graft to increase width of the frontoorbital bar. |
![]() | Media file 62: Craniosynostosis management. Intraoperative photograph of insertion of tenon-and-mortise bone graft to increase width of the frontoorbital bar. |
![]() | Media file 63: Craniosynostosis management. Intraoperative photograph of insertion of tenon-and-mortise bone graft to increase width of the frontoorbital bar. |
![]() | Media file 64: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative photograph of a child with metopic craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 65: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative photograph of a child with metopic craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 66: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative CT image of a child with metopic craniosynostosis. |
![]() | Media file 67: Craniosynostosis management. A 1-year postoperative CT image of a child with metopic craniosynostosis. |
More on Craniosynostosis Management |
| References |
References
Moss ML. The pathogenesis of premature cranial synostosis in man. Acta Anat (Basel). 1959;37:351-70. [Medline].
Delashaw JB, Persing JA, Broaddus WC, Jane JA. Cranial vault growth in craniosynostosis. J Neurosurg. Feb 1989;70(2):159-65. [Medline].
Delashaw JB, Persing JA, Jane JA. Cranial deformation in craniosynostosis. A new explanation. Neurosurg Clin N Am. Jul 1991;2(3):611-20. [Medline].
Lannelongue O. De la craniectomie chez la microcephalie. Un Med. 1890;50:42.
Faber HK, Towne EB. Early craniectomy as a preventive measure in oxycephaly and allied conditions. Am J Med Sci. 1927;173:701.
Dandy WE. An operation for scaphocephaly. Arch Surg. 1943;47:247.
Ingraham FD, Alexander E, Matson D. Clinical studies in craniosynostosis: analysis of and description of a method of treatment. Surg. 1948;24:518.
Shillito J Jr, Matson DD. Craniosynostosis: a review of 519 surgical patients. Pediatrics. Apr 1968;41(4):829-53. [Medline].
Venes JL, Sayers MP. Sagittal synostectomy. Technical note. J Neurosurg. Mar 1976;44(3):390-2. [Medline].
Barone CM, Jimenez DF. Endoscopic craniectomy for early correction of craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. Dec 1999;104(7):1965-73; discussion 1974-5. [Medline].
Persing JA, Nichter LS, Jane JA, Edgerton MT Jr. External cranial vault molding after craniofacial surgery. Ann Plast Surg. Oct 1986;17(4):274-83. [Medline].
Cohen MM. Sutural pathology. In: Cohen MM, MacLean RE. Craniosynostosis: Diagnosis, Evaluation and Management. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000:51-68.
Baer MJ. Patterns of growth of the skull as revealed by vital staining. Hum Biol. May 1954;26(2):80-126. [Medline].
Enlow DH. Normal craniofacial growth. In: Cohen MM. Craniosynostosis: Diagnosis, Evaluation and Management. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1986:131-56.
Enlow DH. Normal craniofacial growth. In: Cohen MM, MacLean RE. Craniosynostosis: Diagnosis, Evaluation and Management. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000:35-50.
Roth DA, Bradley JP, Levine JP, et al. Studies in cranial suture biology: part II. Role of the dura in cranial suture fusion. Plast Reconstr Surg. Apr 1996;97(4):693-9. [Medline].
Opperman LA, Nolen AA, Ogle RC. TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, and TGF-beta 3 exhibit distinct patterns of expression during cranial suture formation and obliteration in vivo and in vitro. J Bone Miner Res. Mar 1997;12(3):301-10. [Medline].
Wilkie AO. Craniosynostosis: genes and mechanisms. Hum Mol Genet. 1997;6(10):1647-56. [Medline].
Ozaki W, Buchman SR, Muraszko KM, Coleman D. Investigation of the influences of biomechanical force on the ultrastructure of human sagittal craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. Oct 1998;102(5):1385-94. [Medline].
Babler WJ, Persing JA, Persson KM, et al. Skull growth after coronal suturectomy, periostectomy, and dural transection. J Neurosurg. Apr 1982;56(4):529-35. [Medline].
Eaton A, Cheverud J, Marsh J. The effect of artificial calvarial modification on endocranial base morphology. Winner, Plastic Surgery Educational Foundation Essay Competition. 1997.
Opperman LA, Sweeney TM, Redmon J, et al. Tissue interactions with underlying dura mater inhibit osseous obliteration of developing cranial sutures. Dev Dyn. Dec 1993;198(4):312-22. [Medline].
Opperman LA, Persing JA, Sheen R, Ogle RC. In the absence of periosteum, transplanted fetal and neonatal rat coronal sutures resist osseous obliteration. J Craniofac Surg. Nov 1994;5(5):327-32. [Medline].
Opperman LA, Passarelli RW, Morgan EP, et al. Cranial sutures require tissue interactions with dura mater to resist osseous obliteration in vitro. J Bone Miner Res. Dec 1995;10(12):1978-87. [Medline].
Opperman LA, Chhabra A, Nolen AA, et al. Dura mater maintains rat cranial sutures in vitro by regulating suture cell proliferation and collagen production. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol. Jul-Sep 1998;18(3):150-8. [Medline].
Opperman LA, Adab K, Gakunga PT. Transforming growth factor-beta 2 and TGF-beta 3 regulate fetal rat cranial suture morphogenesis by regulating rates of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Dev Dyn. Oct 2000;219(2):237-47. [Medline].
Levine JP, Bradley JP, Roth DA, et al. Studies in cranial suture biology: regional dura mater determines overlying suture biology. Plast Reconstr Surg. May 1998;101(6):1441-7. [Medline].
Most D, Levine JP, Chang J, et al. Studies in cranial suture biology: up-regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 and basic fibroblast growth factor mRNA correlates with posterior frontal cranial suture fusion in the rat. Plast Reconstr Surg. May 1998;101(6):1431-40. [Medline].
Mooney MP, Burrows AM, Smith TD, et al. Correction of coronal suture synostosis using suture and dura mater allografts in rabbits with familial craniosynostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. May 2001;38(3):206-25. [Medline].
Opperman LA. Cranial sutures as intramembranous bone growth sites. Dev Dyn. Dec 2000;219(4):472-85. [Medline].
Wilkie AO, Slaney SF, Oldridge M, et al. Apert syndrome results from localized mutations of FGFR2 and is allelic with Crouzon syndrome. Nat Genet. Feb 1995;9(2):165-72. [Medline].
Jabs EW. Toward understanding the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis through clinical and molecular correlates. Clin Genet. Feb 1998;53(2):79-86. [Medline].
Wilkie AO, Morriss-Kay GM. Genetics of craniofacial development and malformation. Nat Rev Genet. Jun 2001;2(6):458-68. [Medline].
Panchal J, Amirsheybani H, Gurwitch R, et al. Neurodevelopment in children with single-suture craniosynostosis and plagiocephaly without synostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. Nov 2001;108(6):1492-8; discussion 1499-500. [Medline].
Marsh JL, Koby M, Lee B. 3-D MRI in craniosynostosis: Identification of previously unappreciated neural anomalies. Presented at: 5th Congress of the International Society of Craniofacial Surgery. Oaxaca, Mexico: October, 1993.
Aldridge K, Marsh J, Peryln C, Richtsmeier J. Quantification of central nervous system dysmorphology in isolated craniosynostosis. Presented at: American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association 58th Annual Meeting. Minneapolis, Minn: April 26, 2001.
Kane AA, Mitchell LE, Craven KP, Marsh JL. Observations on a recent increase in plagiocephaly without synostosis. Pediatrics. Jun 1996;97(6 Pt 1):877-85. [Medline].
Mulliken JB, Vander Woude DL, Hansen M, et al. Analysis of posterior plagiocephaly: deformational versus synostotic. Plast Reconstr Surg. Feb 1999;103(2):371-80. [Medline].
Huang MH, Gruss JS, Clarren SK, et al. The differential diagnosis of posterior plagiocephaly: true lambdoid synostosis versus positional molding. Plast Reconstr Surg. Oct 1996;98(5):765-74; discussion 775-6. [Medline].
Lo LJ, Marsh JL, Vannier MW, Patel VV. Craniofacial computer-assisted surgical planning and simulation. Clin Plast Surg. Oct 1994;21(4):501-16. [Medline].
Vu HL, Panchal J, Parker EE, et al. The timing of physiologic closure of the metopic suture: a review of 159 patients using reconstructed 3D CT scans of the craniofacial region. J Craniofac Surg. Nov 2001;12(6):527-32. [Medline].
Hansman CF. Growth of interorbital distance and skull thickness as observed in roentgenographic measurements. Radiology. Jan 1966;86(1):87-96. [Medline].
Lo LJ, Marsh JL, Yoon J, Vannier MW. Stability of fronto-orbital advancement in nonsyndromic bilateral coronal synostosis: a quantitative three-dimensional computed tomographic study. Plast Reconstr Surg. Sep 1996;98(3):393-405; discussion 406-9. [Medline].
Bayley N. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development. 2nd ed. San Antonio, Tex: The Psychological Corporation; 1993.
Kapp-Simon KA, Figueroa A, Jocher CA, Schafer M. Longitudinal assessment of mental development in infants with nonsyndromic craniosynostosis with and without cranial release and reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. Oct 1993;92(5):831-9; discussion 840-1. [Medline].
Speltz ML, Endriga MC, Mouradian WE. Presurgical and postsurgical mental and psychomotor development of infants with sagittal synostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. Sep 1997;34(5):374-9. [Medline].
Kapp-Simon KA. Mental development and learning disorders in children with single suture craniosynostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. May 1998;35(3):197-203. [Medline].
Magge SN, Westerveld M, Pruzinsky T, Persing JA. Long-term neuropsychological effects of sagittal craniosynostosis on child development. J Craniofac Surg. Jan 2002;13(1):99-104. [Medline].
Rozzelle A, Marty-Grames L, Marsh JL. Speech-language disorders in non-syndromic sagittal synostosis. Presented at: Annual Meeting of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association. Tampa, Fla: April, 1995.
Sidoti EJ Jr, Marsh JL, Marty-Grames L, Noetzel MJ. Long-term studies of metopic synostosis: frequency of cognitive impairment and behavioral disturbances. Plast Reconstr Surg. Feb 1996;97(2):276-81. [Medline].
Farran DC, Harber LA. Responses to a learning task at 6 months and IQ test performance during the preschool years. Int J Behav Dev. 1989;12:101-14.
Crowe TK, Deitz JC, Bennett FC. The relationship between the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and preschool gross motor and cognitive performance. Am J Occup Ther. Jun 1987;41(6):374-8. [Medline].
Gault DT, Renier D, Marchac D, Jones BM. Intracranial pressure and intracranial volume in children with craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. Sep 1992;90(3):377-81. [Medline].
Renier D, Sainte-Rose C, Marchac D, Hirsch JF. Intracranial pressure in craniostenosis. J Neurosurg. Sep 1982;57(3):370-7. [Medline].
Cohen SR, Persing JA. Intracranial pressure in single-suture craniosynostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. May 1998;35(3):194-6. [Medline].
Arnaud E, Meneses P, Lajeunie E, et al. Postoperative mental and morphological outcome for nonsyndromic brachycephaly. Plast Reconstr Surg. Jul 2002;110(1):6-12; discussion 13. [Medline].
Gosain AK, Song L, Corrao MA, Pintar FA. Biomechanical evaluation of titanium, biodegradable plate and screw, and cyanoacrylate glue fixation systems in craniofacial surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. Mar 1998;101(3):582-91. [Medline].
Ashammakhi N, Peltoniemi H, Waris E, et al. Developments in craniomaxillofacial surgery: use of self-reinforced bioabsorbable osteofixation devices. Plast Reconstr Surg. Jul 2001;108(1):167-80. [Medline].
Francel P. Evolution of the treatment for sagittal synostosis: a personal record. In: Goodrich JT, Hall CD. Craniofacial Anomalies: Growth and Development from a Surgical Perspective. New York, NY: Thieme; 1995.
Panchal J, Marsh JL, Park TS, et al. Sagittal craniosynostosis outcome assessment for two methods and timings of intervention. Plast Reconstr Surg. May 1999;103(6):1574-84. [Medline].
Jimenez DF, Barone CM. Endoscopic craniectomy for early surgical correction of sagittal craniosynostosis. J Neurosurg. Jan 1998;88(1):77-81. [Medline].
Lauritzen C, Sugawara Y, Kocabalkan O, Olsson R. Spring mediated dynamic craniofacial reshaping. Case report. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. Sep 1998;32(3):331-8. [Medline].
Francel P, Panchal J. Metopic synostosis. In: Rengachary S, Wilkins R. Neurosurgical Operative Atlas. Vol 9. Rolling Meadows; Ill: American Association of Neurological Surgeons; 1999:91-111.
Williams JK, Cohen SR, Burstein FD, et al. A longitudinal, statistical study of reoperation rates in craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. Aug 1997;100(2):305-10. [Medline].
Argenta LC, David LR, Wilson JA, Bell WO. An increase in infant cranial deformity with supine sleeping position. J Craniofac Surg. Jan 1996;7(1):5-11. [Medline].
Baas MB. Human osteology: a laboratory and field manual of the human skeleton. In: Evans RE. Human Osteology. Columbia, Mo: Missouri Archaeological Society, University of Missouri; 1971:54-74.
Becker DB, Fundakowski CE, Govier DP, et al. Long-term osseous morphologic outcome of surgically treated unilateral coronal craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. Mar 2006;117(3):929-35. [Medline].
Bradley JP, Levine JP, McCarthy JG, Longaker MT. Studies in cranial suture biology: regional dura mater determines in vitro cranial suture fusion. Plast Reconstr Surg. Oct 1997;100(5):1091-9; discussion; 1100-2. [Medline].
Carmel PW, Luken MG 3rd, Ascherl GF Jr. Craniosynostosis: computed tomographic evaluation of skull base and calvarial deformities and associated intracranial changes. Neurosurgery. Oct 1981;9(4):366-72. [Medline].
Cohen SR, Mittermiller PA, Holmes RE, Broder KW. Clinical experience with a new fast-resorbing polymer for bone stabilization in craniofacial surgery. J Craniofac Surg. Jan 2006;17(1):40-3. [Medline].
Cooper GM, Singhal VK, Barbano T, et al. Intracranial volume changes in craniosynostotic rabbits: effects of age and surgical correction. Plast Reconstr Surg. May 2006;117(6):1886-90. [Medline].
Decker JD, Hall SH. Light and electron microscopy of the new born sagittal suture. Anat Rec. May 1985;212(1):81-9. [Medline].
Fearon JA, McLaughlin EB, Kolar JC. Sagittal craniosynostosis: surgical outcomes and long-term growth. Plast Reconstr Surg. Feb 2006;117(2):532-41. [Medline].
Greenberg BM, Schneider SJ. Trigonocephaly: surgical considerations and long term evaluation. J Craniofac Surg. May 2006;17(3):528-35. [Medline].
Ingraham FD, Matson DD. Neurosurgery of Infancy and Childhood. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag; 1954.
Kane AA, Kim YO, Eaton A, et al. Quantification of osseous facial dysmorphology in untreated unilateral coronal synostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. Aug 2000;106(2):251-8. [Medline].
Losee JE, Mason AC. Deformational plagiocephaly: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Clin Plast Surg. Jan 2005;32(1):53-64, viii. [Medline].
Marchac D, Renier D. [The "floating forehead". Early treatment of craniofacial stenosis]. Ann Chir Plast. 1979;24(2):121-6. [Medline].
Marsh JL, Vannier MW. Cranial base changes following surgical treatment of craniosynostosis. Cleft Palate J. Dec 1986;23 Suppl 1:9-18. [Medline].
McCarthy JG, Epstein F, Sadove M, et al. Early surgery for craniofacial synostosis: an 8-year experience. Plast Reconstr Surg. Apr 1984;73(4):521-33. [Medline].
Meara JG, Smith EM, Harshbarger RJ, et al. Blood-conservation techniques in craniofacial surgery. Ann Plast Surg. May 2005;54(5):525-9. [Medline].
Mulliken JB, Steinberger D, Kunze S, Muller U. Molecular diagnosis of bilateral coronal synostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg. Nov 1999;104(6):1603-15. [Medline].
Mulliken JB, Warman ML. Molecular genetics and craniofacial surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. Mar 1996;97(3):666-75. [Medline].
Panchal J, Francel P. The efficacy of use of hydroxyapatite (MIMIX) in management of osseous defects of the calvarium, calvarial augmentation and malar augmentation. Presented at the American Cleft Palate Craniofacial Society Meeting. Minneapolis, Minn: April 2001.
Panchal J, Francel P. Unicoronal synostosis. In: Rengachary S, Wilkins R. Neurosurgical Operative Atlas. Vol 9. Rolling Meadows; Ill: American Association of Neurological Surgeons; 1999:103-12.
Panchal J, Hapcic K, Francel P, et al. Reossification of the orbital wall following ventral translocation of the fronto-orbital bar and cranial vault remodeling. Plast Reconstr Surg. Nov 2001;108(6):1509-14. [Medline].
Tessier P. Craniofacial surgery in syndromic craniosynostosis. In: Cohen MM. Craniosynostosis: Diagnosis, Evaluation and Management. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1986:344-5.
Virchow, R. Uber den Cretinismus, namentlich in Franken, und uber pathologische Schadelformen. Verh Phys Med Ges Wurzburg. 1851; 2: 230.
Weinzweig J, Kirschner RE, Farley A, et al. Metopic synostosis: Defining the temporal sequence of normal suture fusion and differentiating it from synostosis on the basis of computed tomography images. Plast Reconstr Surg. Oct 2003;112(5):1211-8. [Medline].
Williams JK, Ellenbogen RG, Gruss JS. State of the art in craniofacial surgery: nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. Nov 1999;36(6):471-85. [Medline].
Podda S, Ciminello FS, Wolfe SA. Congenital, Synostoses. eMedicine from WebMD [serial online]. August 13, 2008;Accessed September 17, 2008. Available at http://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic190.htm.
Wolfe SA, Berkowitz S, eds. Plastic Surgery of the Facial Skeleton. Boston, Mass: Little Brown; 1989:. 489.
Yano H, Tanaka K, Sueyoshi O, et al. Cranial vault distraction: its illusionary effect and limitation. Plast Reconstr Surg. Jan 2006;117(1):193-200; discussion 201. [Medline].
Further Reading
Keywords
craniosynostosis, plagiocephaly, abnormal head shapes, fused sutures, deformational plagiocephaly, head deformity, cranial deformity, cranium deformity, deformed cranium, fused cranial sutures, abnormal skull fusion, skull deformity, deformed skull, scaphocephaly, boat skull, brachycephaly, short skull, unicoronal synostosis, trigonocephaly, triangular skull, lambdoid synostosis, oxycephaly, turricephaly, towering skull, kleeblattschadel, cloverleaf skull, ICP, increased intracranial pressure, craniotomy, increased ICP, sagittal synostosis, bicoronal synostosis, metopic synostosis





































































































































