eMedicine Specialties > Plastic Surgery > Facial Fractures
Facial Trauma, Management of Panfacial Fractures: Treatment
Updated: Sep 9, 2009
Treatment
Preoperative Details
Preoperative treatment planning is essential to the success of the case. Obtain information regarding (1) the location and extent of all fractures; (2) the structures injured or involved along the fracture site; (3) the amount of soft tissue loss, including skin, mucosa, and nerve tissue; (4) the extent of bone loss; and (5) the presence of dentoalveolar injury.
Initial clinical presentation of a patient with panfacial fracture.
Large stellate upper lip laceration demonstrating comminution of anterior maxilla.
Comminuted zygomatic arch.
Large bony defects or defects with poor soft tissue coverage are best treated in a delayed fashion with consideration of distant flap reconstruction or grafts. Discontinuity defects can be managed using maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) or internal or external fixation devices. The definitive bone grafting procedure can be accomplished as a primary and a secondary procedure.
Gross loss of teeth may affect the ability to relate the maxilla to the mandible. Loss of posterior teeth may mean loss of vertical dimension, a consideration in prosthetic rehabilitation. This is of great importance in cases involving mandibular condyle fractures. Often, a splint is helpful in these situations to establish proper vertical dimension and posterior vertical height.
Consider the need for autologous grafts intraoperatively (ie, bone, nerve) or alloplastic devices. Submandibular endotracheal intubation may be an alternative to tracheotomy in the surgical treatment of selected patients.4
Intraoperative Details
The key to treatment of panfacial fractures is establishing fixation of stable regions to unstable regions. How the mandibular subcondylar region is addressed has led to the basic philosophies of treatment.
In patients with midface fracture displacement and fracture-dislocation of the mandibular condyles, at least one of the condyles must be anatomically reduced by open reduction in order to obtain proper mandibular positioning.
In patients in whom minimal displacement of the condylar fragments has occurred, clinical judgment must prevail.10 However, the potential for further displacement of fragments during the process of fracture reduction also must be kept in mind.
Frequently, a traumatic laceration may be used or extended to approach the fracture. In patients in whom the traumatic lacerations do not provide convenient access for bony repair or reconstruction, the surgeon must gain access to the facial skeleton by using the appropriate incisions for the specific bony injuries.
Access to the mid face can be obtained through various incisions; however, a transconjunctival incision, a lateral retrocanthal approach, a precaruncular approach, and an intraoral vestibular incision coupled with a coronal incision provide access to the entire mid face.
Coronal approach used to access mid face.
Coronal access to nasal and medial orbital components.
Restoration of the mid face is based on proper reconstruction of the 3 pillars or buttresses of the face. The nasomaxillary (medial) buttress extends from the anterior maxillary alveolus, piriform aperture, and nasal process of the maxilla to the frontal bone. The zygomaticomaxillary (lateral) buttress extends from the lateral maxillary alveolus, to the zygomatic process of the frontal bone, and laterally to the zygomatic arch. The pterygomaxillary (posterior) buttress is a posterior maxilla attachment to the pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone.
The 2 basic ways to address the treatment sequence for panfacial fractures have traditionally been with bottom-to-top or top-to-bottom techniques. These approaches are described below; however, the basic tenets of treatment are establishing fixation from a stable segment to an unstable segment while maintaining the occlusal relationship.
Bottom-to-top technique
This technique is based on the fact that the mandible can be reconstructed to provide an intact relationship for positioning of the maxilla. The subcondylar region first needs to be treated 1 of 2 ways, either open reduction or closed reduction using external pin fixation devices.
Prior to the advent of plate-and-screw fixation, MMF was required, and concern about telescoping of the segments in the subcondylar region remained.
The mandible can now be reconstructed using plates and screws; therefore, the remainder of the case can be treated as an isolated midface fracture. Positioning of the maxilla, and therefore the mid face, relies on proper seating of the condyle in the glenoid fossa.
Mandible stabilized with plate-and-screw fixation.
Top-to-bottom technique
With the advent of rigid fixation, midface reconstruction can precede the fixation of the mandible if adequate bony keys or pillars are restored to ensure proper maxillary positioning. The collapse of the arch results in inadequate anterior-posterior projection of the body of the zygoma and an increase in facial width.
Reconstruction of the outer facial frame is believed to be key to successful reconstruction. First, reconstruct the outer facial frame (ie, zygomatic arch, zygoma, frontal areas).
Fixation of zygoma and zygomatic arch.
Second, reconstruct the inner facial frame (ie, nasoethmoid complex, zygomaticofrontal sutures, infraorbital rim).
Fixation of nasoorbitoethmoid component.
Third, reconstruct the maxilla at the Le Fort I level by plating the buttresses.
Maxillary fixation at the level of the zygomaticomaxillary buttress and the piriform rim.
Last, temporary MMF is accomplished followed by open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) of the mandible.
The advantages of the top-to-bottom sequence are that (1) subcondylar fractures can be treated closed and (2) it eliminates the risks of ORIF in the condylar/subcondylar region.
Close soft tissues from the bone or oral cavity outward toward the skin. Close lacerations of the pharynx, tongue, and palate prior to placing the patient in MMF. Thoroughly debride perforating wounds before closure.
Complications
Panfacial injuries are prone to complications associated with the facial structures involved in the injury. Therefore, consider complications associated with frontal sinus, zygomatic, maxillary, mandibular, nasal, and nasoorbitoethmoid fractures. Complications associated with complex maxillofacial injuries include the following:
- Neurologic deficits, including motor and sensory (anesthesia, paresthesia) deficits
- Decrease in posterior facial height
- Anterior open bite (apertognathia)
- Increase in facial width: Facial width must be controlled by orientation from cranial base landmarks.11
- Decrease in anterior-posterior facial projection
- Traumatic telecanthus
Traumatic telecanthus secondary to nasoorbitoethmoid fracture. Intercanthal distance is 39 mm.
Postoperative view of patient, demonstrating normal intercanthal distance (33 mm) after resuspension of the medial canthal ligament and fixation of the nasoorbitoethmoid component.
- Malocclusion12
- Nasal obstruction and deformities
- Cerebrospinal fluid leak
- Anosmia
- Blindness
See Pathophysiology for complications related to treatment of individual components.
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References
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Kelly KJ, Manson PN, Vander Kolk CA, et al. Sequencing LeFort fracture treatment (Organization of treatment for a panfacial fracture). J Craniofac Surg. Oct 1990;1(4):168-78. [Medline].
Tang W, Feng F, Long J, et al. Sequential surgical treatment for panfacial fractures and significance of biological osteosynthesis. Dent Traumatol. Apr 2009;25(2):171-5. [Medline].
Irby WB. Facial Trauma and Concomitant Problems: Evaluation and Treatment. 2nd ed. St. Louis, Mo: CV Mosby; 1979.
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Further Reading
Keywords
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