eMedicine Specialties > Plastic Surgery > Head/Neck
Facial Nerve Paralysis: Multimedia
Updated: Nov 20, 2008
Multimedia
![]() | Media file 1: Treatment algorithm according to facial region involvement. |
![]() | Media file 2: Facial nerve anatomy. |
More on Facial Nerve Paralysis |
| Overview: Facial Nerve Paralysis |
| Differential Diagnoses & Workup: Facial Nerve Paralysis |
| Treatment & Medication: Facial Nerve Paralysis |
| Follow-up: Facial Nerve Paralysis |
Multimedia: Facial Nerve Paralysis |
| References |
| « Previous Page |
References
Bunnell S. Suture of the facial nerve within the temporal bone with a report of the first successful case. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1927;45:7.
Bell C. On the nerves:giving an account of some experiments on their structure and function which leads to a new arrangement of the systems. Phil Trans Roy Soc (Biol). 1821;3:398,424.
Sawicki B. Chepault, ed. The Status of Neurosurgery. Paris: J Reuff; 1902:189.
Lexer E, Eden R. Uber die chirurgische Behandlung der peripheren Facialislaehmung. Beitr Klin Chir. 1911;73:116.
Owens N. Surgical correction of facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1947;2:25.
Thompson N. Autogenous free grafts of skeletal muscle. A preliminary experimental and clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg. Jul 1971;48(1):11-27. [Medline].
Hakelius L. Free muscle grafting. Clin Plast Surg. Jul 1979;6(3):301-16. [Medline].
May M. Anatomy of the facial nerve (spatial orientation of fibers in the temporal bone). Laryngoscope. Aug 1973;83(8):1311-29. [Medline].
Miehlke A. Surgery of the Facial Nerve. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1973.
Scaramella LF. Preliminary report on facial nerve anastomosis. Second International Symposium on Facial Nerve Surgery. Osaka, Japan: 1970.
Harii K, Ohmori K, Torii S. Free gracilis muscle transplantation, with microneurovascular anastomoses for the treatment of facial paralysis. A preliminary report. Plast Reconstr Surg. Feb 1976;57(2):133-43. [Medline].
Carpenter MB, Sutin J. Human Neuroanatomy. 7th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1976.
Harker LA, McCabe BF. Surgical anatomy of the facial nerve. In: Rubin LR, ed. Reanimation of the Paralyzed Face. St. Louis: CV Mosby Co; 1977.
Rouviere H. Delmas A, ed. Anatomie Humaine. 10th ed. Paris: Masson et Cie; 1967.
Terzis J. Experiences in restoring symmetrical expression. Presented at: American Association of Plastic Surgeons Meeting. Nashville, Tenn: 1987.
Bowden RE, Gutmann E. Denervation and reinnervation of human voluntary muscle. Brain. 1944;67:273.
House JW, Brackmann DE. Facial nerve grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Apr 1985;93(2):146-7. [Medline].
Katusic SK, Beard CM, Wiederholt WC, Bergstralh EJ, Kurland LT. Incidence, clinical features, and prognosis in Bell's palsy, Rochester, Minnesota, 1968-1982. Ann Neurol. Nov 1986;20(5):622-7. [Medline].
Schirm J, Mulkens PS. Bell's palsy and herpes simplex virus. APMIS. Nov 1997;105(11):815-23. [Medline].
May M, Klein SR. Differential diagnosis of facial nerve palsy. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. Jun 1991;24(3):613-45. [Medline].
Hunt JR. On herpetiform inflammation of the geniculate ganglion: A new syndrome and its complications. Nerve Ment Dis. 1907;34:73.
Murakami S, Hato N, Horiuchi J, et al. [Clinical features and prognosis of facial palsy and hearing loss in patients with Ramsay Hunt syndrome]. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho. Dec 1996;99(12):1772-9. [Medline].
Dickins JR, Smith JT, Graham SS. Herpes zoster oticus: treatment with intravenous acyclovir. Laryngoscope. Jul 1988;98(7):776-9. [Medline].
Niparko JK. The acute facial palsies. In: Jackler RK, ed. Neurotology. St. Louis: Mosby; 1994:1311.
Clark JR, Carlson RD, Sasaki CT, et al. Facial paralysis in Lyme disease. Laryngoscope. Nov 1985;95(11):1341-5. [Medline].
Fisch U, Ruttner J. Pathology of intratemporal tumors involving the facial nerve. In: Fisch U, ed. Facial Nerve Surgery. Zurich: Kugler/Aesculapius Publishing Co; 1977:448-56.
Jackson CG, Glasscock ME 3rd, Hughes G, Sismanis A. Facial paralysis of neoplastic origin: diagnosis and management. Laryngoscope. Oct 1980;90(10 Pt 1):1581-95. [Medline].
Kumar A, Mafee MF, Mason T. Value of imaging in disorders of the facial nerve. Top Magn Reson Imaging. Feb 2000;11(1):38-51. [Medline].
Fisch U. Surgery for Bell's palsy. Arch Otolaryngol. Jan 1981;107(1):1-11. [Medline].
Ruboyianes J, Adour KK, Santos D, et al. The maximal stimulation and facial nerve conduction latency tests: Predicting the outcome of Bell's palsy. Laryngoscope. 1994;104(suppl):1-6.
Elston JS. The management of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. J Neurol. Jan 1992;239(1):5-8. [Medline].
Ferreira MC. Cross-facial nerve grafting. Clin Plast Surg. Jan 1984;11(1):211-4. [Medline].
Fasching MC, Van Beek AL. Monitoring muscle viability using evoked M waves. Plast Reconstr Surg. Feb 1985;75(2):217-22. [Medline].
May JW, Lukash FN, Gallico GG 3rd, Stirrat CR. Removable thermocouple probe microvascular patency monitor: an experimental and clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg. Sep 1983;72(3):366-79. [Medline].
O'Brien BM, Franklin JD, Morrison WA. Cross-facial nerve grafts and microneurovascular free muscle transfer for long established facial palsy. Br J Plast Surg. Apr 1980;33(2):202-15. [Medline].
Mackinnon SE, Dellon AL. Surgery of the Peripheral Nerve. Thieme Medical Publishers; 1988:396.
Millesi H. Nerve suture and grafting to restore the extratemporal facial nerve. Clin Plast Surg. Jul 1979;6(3):333-41. [Medline].
Sade J. Facial nerve reconstruction and its prognosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. Sep-Oct 1975;84(5 Pt 1):695-703. [Medline].
Baker DC, Conley J. Facial nerve grafting: a thirty year retrospective review. Clin Plast Surg. Jul 1979;6(3):343-60. [Medline].
Haller JR, Shelton C. Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve: a new donor graft for repair of facial nerve defects at the skull base. Laryngoscope. Aug 1997;107(8):1048-52. [Medline].
Miehlke A, Stennert E. A new concept in management of facial palsy. Am J Otol. Oct 1984;5(6):516-9. [Medline].
Hitselberger WE. Hypoglossal-facial anastomosis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. Jun 1974;7(2):545-50. [Medline].
Shindo M. Management of facial nerve paralysis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. Oct 1999;32(5):945-64. [Medline].
Linder TE, Pike VE, Linstrom CJ. Early eyelid rehabilitation in facial nerve paralysis. Laryngoscope. Sep 1996;106(9 Pt 1):1115-8. [Medline].
Monballiu G. Cross-face nerve grafting in facial paralysis. Acta Chir Belg. Jan-Feb 1981;80(1):47-54. [Medline].
May M, Sobol SM, Mester SJ. Hypoglossal-facial nerve interpositional-jump graft for facial reanimation without tongue atrophy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Jun 1991;104(6):818-25. [Medline].
Bae YC, Zuker RM, Manktelow RT, Wade S. A comparison of commissure excursion following gracilis muscle transplantation for facial paralysis using a cross-face nerve graft versus the motor nerve to the masseter nerve. Plast Reconstr Surg. Jun 2006;117(7):2407-13. [Medline].
Manktelow RT. Free muscle transplantation for facial paralysis. Clin Plast Surg. Jan 1984;11(1):215-20. [Medline].
Harii K. Refined microneurovascular free muscle transplantation for reanimation of paralyzed face. Microsurgery. 1988;9(3):169-76. [Medline].
Dellon AL, Mackinnon SE. Segmentally innervated latissimus dorsi muscle. Microsurgical transfer for facial reanimation. J Reconstr Microsurg. Oct 1985;2(1):7-12. [Medline].
Tobin GR, Schusterman M, Peterson GH, et al. The intramuscular neurovascular anatomy of the latissimus dorsi muscle: the basis for splitting the flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. May 1981;67(5):637-41. [Medline].
Terzis JK. Pectoralis minor: a unique muscle for correction of facial palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg. May 1989;83(5):767-76. [Medline].
Harrison DH. The pectoralis minor vascularized muscle graft for the treatment of unilateral facial palsy. Plast Reconstr Surg. Feb 1985;75(2):206-16. [Medline].
Ellis DA, Miller RB. Rehabilitation of the paralyzed lower lip. J Otolaryngol. Dec 1984;13(6):403-5. [Medline].
Glenn MG, Goode RL. Surgical treatment of the "marginal mandibular lip" deformity. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Nov 1987;97(5):462-8. [Medline].
Conley J. Cheiloplasty in the treatment of facial paralysis. Laryngoscope. Feb 1986;96(2):140-5. [Medline].
Terzis JK, Noah ME. Analysis of 100 cases of free-muscle transplantation for facial paralysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. Jun 1997;99(7):1905-21. [Medline].
Davis RA, Anson BJ, Budinger JM, et al. Surgical anatomy of the facial nerve and the parotid gland based on a study of 350 cervicofacial halves. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1956;102:358.
de Moura W, Gilbert A. Surgical anatomy of the sural nerve. J Reconstr Microsurg. Jul 1984;1(1):31-9. [Medline].
Fisch U. Maximal nerve excitability testing vs electroneuronography. Arch Otolaryngol. Jun 1980;106(6):352-7. [Medline].
May M. Muscle transposition for facial reanimation. Indications and results. Arch Otolaryngol. Mar 1984;110(3):184-9. [Medline].
Reuff PJ. Chepault, ed. The Status of Neurosurgery. 1902:189.
Further Reading
Keywords
facial nerve paralysis, facial nerve, facial paralysis, facial muscles, facial musculature, Bell palsy, Bell’s palsy, facial palsy, facial paralysis treatment, facial muscle movement, facial nerve injury, facial nerve reconstruction, facial nerve repair, facial movement, free muscle transplant, vascular microanastomosis, microsurgery, facial microsurgery, peripheral nerve repair, injured facial nerve, cranial nerve VII




Multimedia: Facial Nerve Paralysis