Vascular Ulcers: Multimedia

References

1. O'Brien JF, Grace PA, Perry IJ, et al. Prevalence and aetiology of leg ulcers in Ireland. Ir J Med Sci. Apr-Jun 2000;169(2):110-2. [Medline].

2. Perrotto J, Glick B. Lower extremity malignancies masquerading as ulcers. Ostomy Wound Manage. Oct 2006;52(10):46-52. [Medline].

3. Labropoulos N, Manalo D, Patel NP, et al. Uncommon leg ulcers in the lower extremity. J Vasc Surg. Mar 2007;45(3):568-573. [Medline].

4. Yucel EK, Dumoulin CL, Waltman AC. MR angiography of lower-extremity arterial disease: preliminary experience. J Magn Reson Imaging. May-Jun 1992;2(3):303-9. [Medline].

5. Owen RS, Carpenter JP, Baum RA, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of angiographically occult runoff vessels in peripheral arterial occlusive disease. N Engl J Med. Jun 11 1992;326(24):1577-81. [Medline].

6. Neglén P, Raju S. A rational approach to detection of significant reflux with duplex Doppler scanning and air plethysmography. J Vasc Surg. Mar 1993;17(3):590-5. [Medline].

7. van Gent WB, Hop WC, van Praag MC, et al. Conservative versus surgical treatment of venous leg ulcers: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. J Vasc Surg. Sep 2006;44(3):563-71. [Medline].

8. Edlich RF, Rogers W, Kasper G, et al. Studies in the management of the contaminated wound. I. Optimal time for closure of contaminated open wounds. II. Comparison of resistance to infection of open and closed wounds during healing. Am J Surg. Mar 1969;117(3):323-9. [Medline].

9. Kavros SJ, Miller JL, Hanna SW. Treatment of ischemic wounds with noncontact, low-frequency ultrasound: the Mayo clinic experience, 2004-2006. Adv Skin Wound Care. Apr 2007;20(4):221-6. [Medline].

10. Kalani M, Apelqvist J, Blombäck M, et al. Effect of dalteparin on healing of chronic foot ulcers in diabetic patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Care. Sep 2003;26(9):2575-80. [Medline].

11. Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Rohdewald P, et al. Comparison of Pycnogenol and Daflon in treating chronic venous insufficiency: a prospective, controlled study. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. Apr 2006;12(2):205-12. [Medline].

12. Gohel MS, Barwell JR, Taylor M, et al. Long term results of compression therapy alone versus compression plus surgery in chronic venous ulceration (ESCHAR): randomised controlled trial. BMJ. July 2007;335:7610. [Medline].

13. Colen LB. Limb salvage in the patient with severe peripheral vascular disease: the role of microsurgical free-tissue transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg. Mar 1987;79(3):389-95. [Medline].

14. Ciresi KF, Anthony JP, Hoffman WY, et al. Limb salvage and wound coverage in patients with large ischemic ulcers: a multidisciplinary approach with revascularization and free tissue transfer. J Vasc Surg. Oct 1993;18(4):648-53; discussion 653-5. [Medline].

15. Steffe TJ, Caffee HH. Long-term results following free tissue transfer for venous stasis ulcers. Ann Plast Surg. Aug 1998;41(2):131-7; discussion 138-9. [Medline].

16. Kumins NH, Weinzweig N, Schuler JJ. Free tissue transfer provides durable treatment for large nonhealing venous ulcers. J Vasc Surg. Nov 2000;32(5):848-54. [Medline].

17. Weinzweig N, Schuler J. Free tissue transfer in treatment of the recalcitrant chronic venous ulcer. Ann Plast Surg. Jun 1997;38(6):611-9. [Medline].

18. Colen L, Musson A. Preoperative assessment of the peripheral vascular disease patient for free tissue transfers. J Reconstr Microsurg. Oct 1987;4(1):1-14. [Medline].

19. Rieck B, Mailander P, Machens HG. Vascular complications after free tissue transfer. Microsurgery. 1995;16(6):400-3. [Medline].

20. Yajima H, Tamai S, Mizumoto S, et al. Vascular complications of vascularized composite tissue transfer: outcome and salvage techniques. Microsurgery. 1993;14(8):473-8. [Medline].

21. Lepantalo M, Tukiainen E. Combined vascular reconstruction and microvascular muscle flap transfer for salvage of ischaemic legs with major tissue loss and wound complications. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. Jul 1996;12(1):65-9. [Medline].

22. Browse NL. The pathogenesis of venous ulceration: a hypothesis. J Vasc Surg. Mar 1988;7(3):468-72. [Medline].

23. Christensen KS, Klarke M. Transcutaneous oxygen measurement in peripheral occlusive disease. An indicator of wound healing in leg amputation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. May 1986;68(3):423-6. [Medline].

24. Gomes AS. Principles of angiography and interventional radiology. In: Moore WS, ed. Vascular Surgery: A Comprehensive Review. 3^rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1991:198-236.

25. Hertz SM, Baum RA, Owen RS, et al. Comparison of magnetic resonance angiography and contrast arteriography in peripheral arterial stenosis. Am J Surg. Aug 1993;166(2):112-6; discussion 116. [Medline].

26. Johnson M. The prevalence of leg ulcers in older people: implications for community nursing. Public Health Nurs. Aug 1995;12(4):269-75. [Medline].

27. Kucan JO, Robson MC, Heggers JP, et al. Comparison of silver sulfadiazine, povidone-iodine and physiologic saline in the treatment of chronic pressure ulcers. J Am Geriatr Soc. May 1981;29(5):232-5. [Medline].

28. Margolis DJ, Berlin JA, Strom BL. Risk factors associated with the failure of a venous leg ulcer to heal. Arch Dermatol. Aug 1999;135(8):920-6. [Medline].

29. Marklund B, Sulau T, Lindholm C. Prevalence of non-healed and healed chronic leg ulcers in an elderly rural population. Scand J Prim Health Care. Mar 2000;18(1):58-60. [Medline].

30. Monstrey SJ, Ramasastry SS, Mullick PC. Leg ulcers. In: Cohen M. Mastery of Plastic and Reconstuctive Surgery. 1st. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1994.

31. Moore WS, Henry RE, Malone JM, et al. Prospective use of xenon Xe 133 clearance for amputation level selection. Arch Surg. Jan 1981;116(1):86-8. [Medline].

32. Mustoe TA, Cutler NR, Allman RM, et al. A phase II study to evaluate recombinant platelet-derived growth factor- BB in the treatment of stage 3 and 4 pressure ulcers. Arch Surg. Feb 1994;129(2):213-9. [Medline].

33. Neglen P, Raju S. A comparison between descending phlebography and duplex Doppler investigation in the evaluation of reflux in chronic venous insufficiency: a challenge to phlebography as the "gold standard". J Vasc Surg. Nov 1992;16(5):687-93. [Medline].

34. Olivencia JA. Pathophysiology of venous ulcers: surgical implications, review, and update. Dermatol Surg. Nov 1999;25(11):880-5. [Medline].

35. Pierce GF, Tarpley JE, Yanagihara D, et al. Platelet-derived growth factor (BB homodimer), transforming growth factor-beta 1, and basic fibroblast growth factor in dermal wound healing. Neovessel and matrix formation and cessation of repair. Am J Pathol. Jun 1992;140(6):1375-88. [Medline].

36. Pinzur MS, Sage R, Stuck R, et al. Transcutaneous oxygen as a predictor of wound healing in amputations of the foot and ankle. Foot Ankle. Jun 1992;13(5):271-2. [Medline].

37. Richard JL, Parer-Richard C, Daures JP, et al. Effect of topical basic fibroblast growth factor on the healing of chronic diabetic neuropathic ulcer of the foot. A pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Care. Jan 1995;18(1):64-9. [Medline].

38. Rutherford RB. Vascular Surgery. 4^th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1995.

39. Smith WJ, Jacobs RL, Fuchs MD. Salvage of the diabetic foot with exposed os calcis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Nov 1993;71-7. [Medline].

40. Wipke-Tevis DD, Rantz MJ, Mehr DR, et al. Prevalence, incidence, management, and predictors of venous ulcers in the long-term-care population using the MDS. Adv Skin Wound Care. Sep-Oct 2000;13(5):218-24. [Medline].

41. Wipke-Tevis DD, Sae-Sia W. Caring for vascular leg ulcers. Home Healthc Nurse. Apr 2004;22(4):237-47; quiz 248-9. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

vascular disease, vascular diseases, vascular ulcer, leg ulcer, vascular legs, venous ulcer, diabetic ulcer, ischemic ulcer, vascular peripheral, foot ulcer, neurotrophic ulcer, vein ulcer, vascular surgery, arterial vascular, vascular diabetes, ulcer treatment, peripheral vascular disease, nonhealing ulcer, chronic ulcer, non-healing ulcer, hypertension, atherosclerosis, vasculitides, Buerger disease, thromboangiitis obliterans, Takayasu disease, Takayasu arteritis, leg ulceration, venous ulceration, ischemic ulceration, vein ulceration, chronic ulceration, arterial ulcer, neurotrophic ulcer, venous ulcer, stasis ulcer

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Allen Gabriel, MD, Director of Research, Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Allen Gabriel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Medical Association, and California Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Matthew C Camp, MD, Resident Surgeon, Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Christian Paletta, MD, FACS, Professor, Division Chief and Program Director, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St Louis University School of Medicine
Christian Paletta, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Association of Plastic Surgeons, American Burn Association, American Cleft Palate/Craniofacial Association, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, and Missouri State Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Brandon Massey, MD, Staff Physician, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St Louis University School of Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Albert E Cram, MD, FACS, Professor Emeritus, Departments of Surgery, Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery and Orthopedic Surgery, University of Iowa College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Iowa City Plastic Surgery
Albert E Cram, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Tissue Banks, American Burn Association, American College of Surgeons, American Heart Association, American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, and American Society of Plastic Surgeons
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Wayne Stadelmann, MD, Stadelmann Plastic Surgery, PC
Wayne Stadelmann, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, New Hampshire Medical Society, Northeastern Society of Plastic Surgeons, and Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

CME Editor

Nicolas (Nick) G Slenkovich, MD, Practice Director, Colorado Plastic Surgery Center at Swedish Medical Center
Nicolas (Nick) G Slenkovich, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Medical Association, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, and Colorado Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Subhas Gupta, MD, PhD, CM, FRCS(C), FACS, Professor of Surgery, Chair, Department of Plastic Surgery, Director of Plastic Surgery Residency, Director of Comprehensive Wound Service, Department of Plastic Surgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine
Subhas Gupta, MD, PhD, CM, FRCS(C), FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Plastic Surgeons, American Burn Association, American College of Phlebology, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, American Medical Informatics Association, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, California Society of Plastic Surgeons, Canadian Medical Association, Canadian Society of Plastic Surgeons, Canadian Society of Plastic Surgeons, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, Plastic Surgery Research Council, Quebec Medical Association, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, and Wound Healing Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.