Fixed Drug Eruptions: Multimedia

References

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4. Fischer G. Vulvar fixed drug eruption. A report of 13 cases. J Reprod Med. Feb 2007;52(2):81-6. [Medline].

5. Teraki Y, Shiohara T. IFN-gamma-producing effector CD8+ T cells and IL-10-producing regulatory CD4+ T cells in fixed drug eruption. J Allergy Clin Immunol. Sep 2003;112(3):609-15. [Medline].

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8. Weedon D. The lichenoid reaction pattern ('interface dermatitis'). In: Skin Pathology. 2^nd ed. London, England: Churchill Livingstone; 2002:42-43.

9. Smoller BR, Luster AD, Krane JF, et al. Fixed drug eruptions: evidence for a cytokine-mediated process. J Cutan Pathol. Feb 1991;18(1):13-9. [Medline].

10. Hindsen M, Christensen OB, Gruic V, Lofberg H. Fixed drug eruption: an immunohistochemical investigation of the acute and healing phase. Br J Dermatol. Mar 1987;116(3):351-60. [Medline].

11. Shiohara T, Nickoloff BJ, Sagawa Y, Gomi T, Nagashima M. Fixed drug eruption. Expression of epidermal keratinocyte intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Arch Dermatol. Oct 1989;125(10):1371-6. [Medline].

12. Krahenbuhl-Melcher A, Schlienger R, Lampert M, Haschke M, Drewe J, Krahenbuhl S. Drug-related problems in hospitals: a review of the recent literature. Drug Saf. 2007;30(5):379-407. [Medline].

13. Lee AY. Fixed drug eruptions. Incidence, recognition, and avoidance. Am J Clin Dermatol. Sep-Oct 2000;1(5):277-85. [Medline].

14. Baird BJ, De Villez RL. Widespread bullous fixed drug eruption mimicking toxic epidermal necrolysis. Int J Dermatol. Apr 1988;27(3):170-4. [Medline].

15. Pellicano R, Ciavarella G, Lomuto M, Di Giorgio G. Genetic susceptibility to fixed drug eruption: evidence for a link with HLA-B22. J Am Acad Dermatol. Jan 1994;30(1):52-4. [Medline].

16. Pellicano R, Lomuto M, Ciavarella G, Di Giorgio G, Gasparini P. Fixed drug eruptions with feprazone are linked to HLA-B22. J Am Acad Dermatol. May 1997;36(5 Pt 1):782-4. [Medline].

17. Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP. Fixed drug eruptions. In: Dermatology. London, England: Mosby; 2003:344-5.

18. Freedberg IM, Eisen AZ, Wolff K, Austen KF, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI. Fixed drug eruptions. In: Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 6^th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2003:1333.

19. Sehgal VN, Srivastava G. Fixed drug eruption (FDE): changing scenario of incriminating drugs. Int J Dermatol. Aug 2006;45(8):897-908. [Medline].

20. Zawar V, Chuh A. Fixed drug reaction may be sexually induced. Int J Dermatol. Aug 2006;45(8):1003-4; author reply 1004. [Medline].

21. Berger RE. Fixed drug eruption--a sexually inducible reaction?. J Urol. Jun 2005;173(6):1990. [Medline].

22. Zawar V, Kirloskar M, Chuh A. Fixed drug eruption - a sexually inducible reaction?. Int J STD AIDS. Aug 2004;15(8):560-3. [Medline].

23. Lopez Abad R, Iriarte Sotes P, Castro Murga M, Gracia Bara MT, Sesma Sanchez P. Fixed drug eruption induced by phenylephrine: a case of polysensitivity. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2009;19(4):322-3. [Medline].

24. Gupta S, Gupta S, Mittal A, David S. Oral fixed drug eruption caused by gabapentin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. Feb 19 2009;[Medline].

25. Ghosh SK, Bandyopadhyay D. Clopidogrel-induced fixed drug eruption. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. Jan 20 2009;[Medline].

26. Oyama N, Kaneko F. Solitary fixed drug eruption caused by finasteride. J Am Acad Dermatol. Jan 2009;60(1):168-9. [Medline].

27. Knapp CF 3rd, Cooke ER, Sheehan DJ. Bullous fixed drug eruption caused by flecainide. J Am Acad Dermatol. Feb 2009;60(2):e3. [Medline].

28. Ozkaya E, Mirzoyeva L, Jhaish MS. Ceftriaxone-induced fixed drug eruption: first report. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2008;9(5):345-7. [Medline].

29. Fukushima S, Kidou M, Ihn H. Fixed food eruption caused by cashew nut. Allergol Int. Sep 2008;57(3):285-7. [Medline].

30. Takahama H. A fixed drug eruption that developed cross-sensitivity among amide local anaesthetics, including mepivacaine hydrochloride, lidocaine hydrochloride and propitocaine hydrochloride. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. Nov 2008;22(11):1400-1. [Medline].

31. Bohm I, Medina J, Prieto P, Block W, Schild HH. Fixed drug eruption induced by an iodinated non-ionic X-ray contrast medium: a practical approach to identify the causative agent and to prevent its recurrence. Eur Radiol. Feb 2007;17(2):485-9. [Medline].

32. Lammintausta K, Kortekangas-Savolainen O. Oral challenge in patients with suspected cutaneous adverse drug reactions: findings in 784 patients during a 25-year-period. Acta Derm Venereol. 2005;85(6):491-6. [Medline].

33. Lammintausta K, Kortekangas-Savolainen O. The usefulness of skin tests to prove drug hypersensitivity. Br J Dermatol. May 2005;152(5):968-74. [Medline].

34. Zedlitz S, Linzbach L, Kaufmann R, Boehncke WH. Reproducible identification of the causative drug of a fixed drug eruption by oral provocation and lesional patch testing. Contact Dermatitis. Jun 2002;46(6):352-3. [Medline].

35. Kelso JM, Keating RM. Successful desensitization for treatment of a fixed drug eruption to allopurinol. J Allergy Clin Immunol. May 1996;97(5):1171-2. [Medline].

36. Zawar V, Kirloskar M, Chuh A. Fixed drug eruption - a sexually inducible reaction?. Int J STD AIDS. Aug 2004;15(8):560-3. [Medline].

37. Tornero P, De Barrio M, Baeza ML, Herrero T. Cross-reactivity among p-amino group compounds in sulfonamide fixed drug eruption: diagnostic value of patch testing. Contact Dermatitis. Aug 2004;51(2):57-62. [Medline].

38. Gonzalo-Garijo MA, de Argila D, Rodríguez-Nevado I. Generalized reaction after patch testing with metamizol. Contact Dermatitis. Sep 2001;45(3):180. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

fixed drug eruption, fixed drug reaction, FDE, adverse drug reaction, adverse cutaneous drug reaction, drug-induced hypersensitivity, drug-induced pigmentation, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

David F Butler, MD, Professor of Dermatology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine; Chair, Department of Dermatology, Director, Dermatology Residency Training Program, Scott and White Clinic, Northside Clinic
David F Butler, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, American Society for MOHS Surgery, Association of Military Dermatologists, and Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Jordan R Ilse, MD, Staff Physician, Scott and White Internal Medicine Residency Program, Temple, Texas
Jordan R Ilse, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association and Texas Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH, Professor and Head, Dermatology, Professor of Pathology, Pediatrics, Medicine, and Preventive Medicine and Community Health, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School
Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Physicians, and Sigma Xi
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Richard P Vinson, MD, Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Mountain View Dermatology, PA
Richard P Vinson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Association of Military Dermatologists, Texas Dermatological Society, and Texas Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Managing Editor

Jeffrey P Callen, MD, Professor of Medicine, Chief, Division of Dermatology, University of Louisville School of Medicine
Jeffrey P Callen, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Physicians, and American College of Rheumatology
Disclosure: Amgen Honoraria Consulting; Abbott Honoraria Consulting; Electrical Optical Sciences Honoraria Consulting; Centocor Honoraria Consulting; Medicis Honoraria Consulting; Celgene Honoraria Consulting

CME Editor

Catherine Quirk, MD, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, Brown University
Catherine Quirk, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha and American Academy of Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Dirk M Elston, MD, Director, Department of Dermatology, Geisinger Medical Center
Dirk M Elston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.