Cold Agglutinin Disease Differential Diagnoses
- Author: Sharon Georgy, MD; Chief Editor: Michael A Kaliner, MD more...
Landsteiner K. [Uber beziehunger dem Blutserum und den Korperzellen] [German]. Munch med Wochenschr. 1903;50:1812.
Schobuthe H. Antikorperbedingte hamolytische anamian. Vehr Dtsch Ges Inn Med. 1952;50:679.
Schubothe H. The cold hemagglutinin disease. Semin Hematol. Jan 1966;3(1):27-47. [Medline].
Dacie J, The auto-immune haemolytic anaemias. The Haemolytic Anaemias. Vol 3. 3rd ed. Edinburgh, United Kingdom: Churchill Livingstone; 1992:210-362.
Harboe M, van Furth R, Schubothe H, Lind K, Evans RS. Exclusive occurrence of K chains in isolated cold haemagglutinins. Scand J Haematol. 1965;2(3):259-66. [Medline].
Angevine CD, Andersen BR, Barnett EV. A cold agglutinin of the IgA class. J Immunol. Apr 1966;96(4):578-86. [Medline].
Garratty G, Petz LD, Hoops JK. The correlation of cold agglutinin titrations in saline and albumin with haemolytic anaemia. Br J Haematol. Apr 1977;35(4):587-95. [Medline].
Wortman J, Rosse W, Logue G. Cold agglutinin autoimmune hemolytic anemia in nonhematologic malignancies. Am J Hematol. 1979;6(3):275-83. [Medline].
Petz LD, Garratty G, eds. Acquired Immune Hemolytic Anemias. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1980:37-50.
Rosse WF, Adams JP. The variability of hemolysis in the cold agglutinin syndrome. Blood. Sep 1980;56(3):409-16. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Roelcke D. The Lud cold agglutinin: a further antibody recognizing N-acetylneuraminic acid-determined antigens not fully expressed at birth. Vox Sang. Nov-Dec 1981;41(5-6):316-8. [Medline].
Crisp D, Pruzanski W. B-cell neoplasms with homogeneous cold-reacting antibodies (cold agglutinins). Am J Med. Jun 1982;72(6):915-22. [Medline].
Sokol RJ, Hewitt S, Stamps BK. Autoimmune hemolysis: mixed warm and cold antibody type. Acta Haematol. 1983;69(4):266-74. [Medline].
Roelcke D. Reaction of anti-Gd, anti-Fl and anti-Sa cold agglutinins with p erythrocytes. Vox Sang. 1984;46(3):161-4. [Medline].
Agarwal SK, Ghosh PK, Gupta D. Cardiac surgery and cold-reactive proteins. Ann Thorac Surg. Oct 1995;60(4):1143-50. [Medline].
Packman CH, Leddy JP. Cryopathic hemolytic syndromes. In: Beutler E, Lichtman M, Coller B, Kippst, eds. Williams Hematology. 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1995:685-91.
Jacobs A. Cold agglutinin hemolysis responding to fludarabine therapy. Am J Hematol. Dec 1996;53(4):279-80. [Medline].
Terness P, Kirschfink M, Navolan D, et al. Inverse correlation between IgG-antihinge region and antierythrocyte autoantibody in chronic benign and malignant cold agglutination. J Clin Immunol. May 1997;17(3):220-7. [Medline].
Thorpe SJ, Turner CE, Stevenson FK, et al. Human monoclonal antibodies encoded by the V4-34 gene segment show cold agglutinin activity and variable multireactivity which correlates with the predicted charge of the heavy-chain variable region. Immunology. Jan 1998;93(1):129-36. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Ciejka JZ, Cook EB, Lawler D, et al. Severe cold agglutinin disease and cryoglobulinemia secondary to a monoclonal anti-Pr2 IgM lambda cryoagglutinin. Clin Exp Rheumatol. Mar-Apr 1999;17(2):227-31. [Medline].
De Silva BD, McLaren K, Doherty VR. Equestrian perniosis associated with cold agglutinins: a novel finding. Clin Exp Dermatol. Jun 2000;25(4):285-8. [Medline].
Potter KN. Molecular characterization of cold agglutinins. Transfus Sci. Feb-Apr 2000;22(1-2):113-9. [Medline].
Jefferies LC, Carchidi CM, Silberstein LE. Naturally occurring anti-i/I cold agglutinins may be encoded by different VH3 genes as well as the VH4.21 gene segment. J Clin Invest. Dec 1993;92(6):2821-33. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Berentsen S, Beiske K, Tjonnfjord GE. Primary chronic cold agglutinin disease: an update on pathogenesis, clinical features and therapy. Hematology. Oct 2007;12(5):361-70. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Gertz MA. Management of cold haemolytic syndrome. Br J Haematol. Aug 2007;138(4):422-9. [Medline].
McNicholl FP. Clinical syndromes associated with cold agglutinins. Transfus Sci. Feb-Apr 2000;22(1-2):125-33. [Medline].
Maniatis A, Papayannopoulou T, Bertles JF. Fetal characteristics of erythrocytes in sickle cell anemia: an immunofluorescence study of individual cells. Blood. Jul 1979;54(1):159-68. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Gertz MA. Cold agglutinin disease. Haematologica. Apr 2006;91(4):439-41. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Sokol RJ, Booker DJ, Stamps R, Walewska R. Cold haemagglutinin disease: clinical significance of serum haemolysins. Clin Lab Haematol. Dec 2000;22(6):337-44. [Medline].
Delval A, Stojkovic T, Vermersch P. Relapsing sensorimotor neuropathy with ophthalmoplegia, antidisialosyl antibodies, and extramembranous glomerulonephritis. Muscle Nerve. Feb 2006;33(2):274-7. [Medline].
Siddiqui K, Cahalane E, Keogan M, Hardiman O. Chronic ataxic neuropathy with cold agglutinins: atypical phenotype and response to anti-CD20 antibodies. Neurology. Nov 11 2003;61(9):1307-8. [Medline].
Skorupa A, Chaudhary UB, Lazarchick J. Cold agglutinin induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia and NK-cell leukemia: a new association. Am J Hematol. Jul 2007;82(7):668-71. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Cao L, Kaiser P, Gustin D, Hoffman R, Feldman L. Cold agglutinin disease in a patient with uterine sarcoma. Am J Med Sci. Nov 2000;320(5):352-4. [Medline].
Michaux L, Dierlamm J, Wlodarska L, et al. Trisomy 3q11-q29 is recurrently observed in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas associated with cold agglutinin syndrome. Ann Hematol. May 1998;76(5):201-4. [Medline].
Chng WJ, Chen J, Lim S, et al. Translocation (8;22) in cold agglutinin disease associated with B-cell lymphoma. Cancer Genet Cytogenet. Jul 1 2004;152(1):66-9. [Medline].
Kitamura T, Mizuta K, Kawarasaki H, Sugawara Y, Makuuchi M. Severe hemolytic anemia related to production of cold agglutinins following living donor liver transplantation: a case report. Transplant Proc. Feb 2003;35(1):399-400. [Medline].
Tamura T, Kanamori H, Yamazaki E, et al. Cold agglutinin disease following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. Mar 1994;13(3):321-3. [Medline].
Thomson AW, Bonham CA, Zeevi A. Mode of action of tacrolimus (FK506): molecular and cellular mechanisms. Ther Drug Monit. Dec 1995;17(6):584-91. [Medline].
Oshima M, Maeda H, Morimoto K, Doi M, Kuwabara M. Low-titer cold agglutinin disease with systemic sclerosis. Intern Med. Feb 2004;43(2):139-42. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Torres JR, Villegas L, Perez H, et al. Low-grade parasitaemias and cold agglutinins in patients with hyper-reactive malarious splenomegaly and acute haemolysis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. Mar 2003;97(2):125-30. [Medline].
Johnson ST, McFarland JG, Kelly KJ, Casper JT, Gottschall JL. Transfusion support with RBCs from an Mk homozygote in a case of autoimmune hemolytic anemia following diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccination. Transfusion. May 2002;42(5):567-71. [Medline].
Gunduz Gedikoglu A, Cantez T. Haemolytic-anaemia relapses after immunisation and pertussis. Lancet. Oct 21 1967;2(7521):894-5. [Medline].
Zupanska B, Lawkowicz W, Gorska B, et al. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in children. Br J Haematol. Nov 1976;34(3):511-20. [Medline].
Haneberg B, Matre R, Winsnes R, et al. Acute hemolytic anemia related to diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccination. Acta Paediatr Scand. May 1978;67(3):345-50. [Medline].
Hamblin T. Management of cold agglutination syndrome. Transfus Sci. Feb-Apr 2000;22(1-2):121-4. [Medline].
Teachey DT, Felix CA. Development of cold agglutinin autoimmune hemolytic anemia during treatment for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. Jul 2005;27(7):397-9. [Medline].
Webster D, Ritchie B, Mant MJ. Prompt response to rituximab of severe hemolytic anemia with both cold and warm autoantibodies. Am J Hematol. Apr 2004;75(4):258-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Berentsen S, Ulvestad E, Tjonnfjord GE. B-lymphocytes as targets for therapy in chronic cold agglutinin disease. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets. Sep 2007;7(3):219-27. [Medline].
Hoppe B, Gaedicke G, Kiesewetter H, Salama AR. Response to intravenous immunoglobulin G in an infant with immunoglobulin A-associated autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. Vox Sang. Feb 2004;86(2):151-3. [Medline].
Atkinson VP, Soeding P, Horne G, Tatoulis J. Cold agglutinins in cardiac surgery: management of myocardial protection and cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg. Jan 2008;85(1):310-1. [Medline].
Inaba H, Geiger TL, Lasater OE, Wang WC. A case of hemoglobin SC disease with cold agglutinin-induced hemolysis. Am J Hematol. Jan 2005;78(1):37-40. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Berentsen S, Randen U, Vagan AM, Hjorth-Hansen H, Vik A, Dalgaard J. High response rate and durable remissions following fludarabine and rituximab combination therapy for chronic cold agglutinin disease. Blood. Oct 28 2010;116(17):3180-4. [Medline].
O'Connor BM, Clifford JS, Lawrence WD, Logue GL. Alpha-interferon for severe cold agglutinin disease. Ann Intern Med. Aug 1 1989;111(3):255-6. [Medline].
Hippe E, Jensen KB, Olesen H, Lind K, Thomsen PE. Chlorambucil treatment of patients with cold agglutinin syndrome. Blood. Jan 1970;35(1):68-72. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Aoki A, Kay GL, Zubiate P, Ruggio J, Kay JH. Cardiac operation without hypothermia for the patient with cold agglutinin. Chest. Nov 1993;104(5):1627-9. [Medline].
Robinson KL, Marasco SF, Street AM. Practical management of anticoagulation, bleeding and blood product support for cardiac surgery. Part two: transfusion issues. Heart Lung Circ. 2002;11(1):42-51. [Medline].
Batalias L, Trakakis E, Loghis C, et al. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by cold agglutinins in a young pregnant woman. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. Apr 2006;19(4):251-3. [Medline].
Bossi E, Wagner HP. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and cytomegalovirus infection in a six-months-old child, treated with azathioprine. Helv Paediatr Acta. Jun 1972;27(2):155-62. [Medline].
Fest T, de Wazieres B, Lamy B, et al. Successful response to alpha-interferon 2b in a refractory IgM autoagglutinin-mediated hemolytic anemia. Ann Hematol. Sep 1994;69(3):147-9. [Medline].
Geffray E, Najman A. [Efficacy of danazol in autoimmune hemolytic anemia with cold agglutinins. 4 cases] [French]. Presse Med. Sep 26 1992;21(31):1472-5. [Medline].
Jefferies LC. Transfusion therapy in autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. Dec 1994;8(6):1087-104. [Medline].
Mainwaring CJ, Walewska R, Snowden J, et al. Fatal cold anti-i autoimmune haemolytic anaemia complicating hairy cell leukaemia. Br J Haematol. Jun 2000;109(3):641-3. [Medline].
Pascual V, Victor K, Spellerberg M, et al. VH restriction among human cold agglutinins. The VH4-21 gene segment is required to encode anti-I and anti-i specificities. J Immunol. Oct 1 1992;149(7):2337-44. [Medline].

