Atrial Fibrillation: Multimedia

References

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2. Wolf P, Abbott R, Kannel W. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: The Framingham Study. Stroke. 1999;22:983-988.

3. Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. Aug 15 2006;114(7):e257-354. [Medline].

4. Nakao K, Seto S, Ueyama C, et al. Extended distribution of prolonged and fractionated right atrial electrograms predicts development of chronic atrial fibrillation in patients with idiopathic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. Oct 2002;13(10):996-1002. [Medline].

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9. Fox CS, Parise H, D'Agostino RB Sr, et al. Parental atrial fibrillation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in offspring. JAMA. Jun 16 2004;291(23):2851-5. [Medline].

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15. [Best Evidence] van Walraven C, Hart RG, Connolly S, Austin PC, Mant J, Hobbs FD, et al. Effect of age on stroke prevention therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: the atrial fibrillation investigators. Stroke. Apr 2009;40(4):1410-6. [Medline].

16. [Best Evidence] Doyle JF, Ho KM. Benefits and risks of long-term amiodarone therapy for persistent atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. Mar 2009;84(3):234-42. [Medline].

17. Jung W, Wolpert C, Esmailzadeh B, et al. Clinical experience with implantable atrial and combined atrioventricular defibrillators. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. Jan 2000;4 Suppl 1:185-95. [Medline].

18. [Best Evidence] Healey JS, Baranchuk A, Crystal E, et al. Prevention of atrial fibrillation with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jun 7 2005;45(11):1832-9. [Medline].

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20. Vermes E, Tardif JC, Bourassa MG, et al. Enalapril decreases the incidence of atrial fibrillation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: insight from the Studies Of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trials. Circulation. Jun 17 2003;107(23):2926-31. [Medline].

21. Pedersen OD, Bagger H, Kober L, et al. Trandolapril reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. Jul 27 1999;100(4):376-80. [Medline].

22. Bradley D, Creswell LL, Hogue CW Jr, et al. Pharmacologic prophylaxis: American College of Chest Physicians guidelines for the prevention and management of postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Chest. Aug 2005;128(2 Suppl):39S-47S. [Medline].

23. Anselme F, Saoudi N, Cribier A. Pacing in prevention of atrial fibrillation: the PIPAF studies. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. Jan 2000;4 Suppl 1:177-84. [Medline].

24. Haissaguerre M, Shah DC, Jais P, et al. Electrophysiological breakthroughs from the left atrium to the pulmonary veins. Circulation. Nov 14 2000;102(20):2463-5. [Medline].

25. Jais P, Shah DC, Haissaguerre M, et al. Atrial fibrillation: role of arrhythmogenic foci. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. Jan 2000;4 Suppl 1:29-37. [Medline].

26. Doshi RN, Daoud EG, Fellows C, Turk K, Duran A, Hamdan MH, et al. Left ventricular-based cardiac stimulation post AV nodal ablation evaluation (the PAVE study). J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. Nov 2005;16(11):1160-5. [Medline].

27. Natale A, Zimerman L, Tomassoni G, et al. AV node ablation and pacemaker implantation after withdrawal of effective rate-control medications for chronic atrial fibrillation: effect on quality of life and exercise performance. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. Nov 1999;22(11):1634-9. [Medline].

28. Holmes DR, Reddy VY, Turi ZG, Doshi SK, Sievert H, Buchbinder M, et al. Percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage versus warfarin therapy for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. Aug 15 2009;374(9689):534-42. [Medline].

29. [Best Evidence] Roux JF, Zado E, Callans DJ, Garcia F, Lin D, Marchlinski FE, et al. Antiarrhythmics After Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation (5A Study). Circulation. Sep 22 2009;120(12):1036-40. [Medline].

30. [Best Evidence] ACTIVE Investigators, Connolly SJ, Pogue J, Hart RG, Hohnloser SH, Pfeffer M, et al. Effect of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. May 14 2009;360(20):2066-78. [Medline].

31. A clinical prediction rule to indentify patients with atrial fibrillation at low risk fro srtroke while taking aspirin. arch int med. 2003;163:936-943.

32. Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. The effect of low-dose warfarin on the risk of stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. The Boston Area Anticoagulation Trial for Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. N Engl J Med. Nov 29 1990;323(22):1505-11. [Medline].

33. Chen PS, Athill CA, Wu TJ, et al. Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation and flutter and implications for management. Am J Cardiol. Nov 4 1999;84(9A):125R-130R. [Medline].

34. Corley SD, Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, et al. Relationships between sinus rhythm, treatment, and survival in the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-Up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Study. Circulation. Mar 30 2004;109(12):1509-13. [Medline].

35. Damiano RJ Jr, Gaynor SL, Bailey M, et al. The long-term outcome of patients with coronary disease and atrial fibrillation undergoing the Cox maze procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Dec 2003;126(6):2016-21. [Medline].

36. de Divitiis M, Omran H, Rabahieh R, et al. Right atrial appendage thrombosis in atrial fibrillation: its frequency and its clinical predictors. Am J Cardiol. Nov 1 1999;84(9):1023-8. [Medline].

37. Delfaut P, Saksena S. Electrophysiologic assessment in selecting patients for multisite atrial pacing. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. Jan 2000;4 Suppl 1:81-5. [Medline].

38. Ducharme A, Swedberg K, Pfeffer MA, et al. Prevention of atrial fibrillation in patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure by candesartan in the Candesartan in Heart failure: assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program. Am Heart J. May 2006;151(5):985-91. [Medline].

39. Epstein AE, Kay GN. Finding our way through the maze. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. Dec 1999;10(12):1575-7. [Medline].

40. Gerstenfeld EP, Callans D, Dixit S, et al. Characteristics of patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation: trends over a seven-year period 1999-2005. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. Jan 2007;18(1):23-8.

41. Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Lilienthal J. Rhythm or rate control in atrial fibrillation--Pharmacological Intervention in Atrial Fibrillation (PIAF): a randomised trial. Lancet. Nov 25 2000;356(9244):1789-94. [Medline].

42. Klein AL, Grimm RA, Murray RD, et al. Use of transesophageal echocardiography to guide cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. May 10 2001;344(19):1411-20. [Medline].

43. Klein AL, Jasper SE, Katz WE, et al. The use of enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin for short-term antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation patients undergoing transoesophageal echocardiography-guided cardioversion: assessment of Cardioversion Using Transoesophageal Echocardiography (ACUTE) II randomized multicentre study. Eur Heart J. Dec 2006;27(23):2858-65. [Medline].

44. Malchano ZJ, Neuzil P, Cury RC, et al. Integration of cardiac CT/MR imaging with three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping to guide catheter manipulation in the left atrium: implications for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. Nov 2006;17(11):1221-9. [Medline].

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46. Olshansky B, Rosenfeld LE, Warner AL, et al. The Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) study: approaches to control rate in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. Apr 7 2004;43(7):1201-8. [Medline].

47. Ryder KM, Benjamin EJ. Epidemiology and significance of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. Nov 4 1999;84(9A):131R-138R. [Medline].

48. Shah DC. The effectiveness and timing of elective pharmacological cardioversion for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. Dec 1999;20(24):1768-9. [Medline].

49. Steinberg JS, Sadaniantz A, Kron J, et al. Analysis of cause-specific mortality in the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) study. Circulation. Apr 27 2004;109(16):1973-80. [Medline].

50. Weerasooriya R, Davis M, Powell A, et al. The Australian Intervention Randomized Control of Rate in Atrial Fibrillation Trial (AIRCRAFT). J Am Coll Cardiol. May 21 2003;41(10):1697-702. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

atrial fibrillation, a fib, atrial fib, arrhythmia, AFL, supraventricular tachycardia, SVT, congestive heart failure, CHF, ventricular tachycardia, VT, ventricular fibrillation, VF, coronary artery disease, CAD, thromboembolic stroke, uncontrolled hypertension, coronary disease, valvular heart disease, acute pulmonary processes, acute pulmonary disease, hyperthyroidism, acute alcohol intoxication, holiday heart, Saturday night heart, illicit narcotic abuse, drug abuse, tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy, rheumatic heart disease, rheumatic valvular disease, hypertension, diabetes, thromboembolism, recurrent atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, permanent atrial fibrillation, chronic atrial fibrillation

thyrotoxicosis, electrolyte abnormalities, acute ethanol intoxication, atrial premature beats, Holter monitoring, hypertensive heart disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, atrial cardiomyopathy, Maze procedure, electrical cardioversion, ischemic stroke, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, hepatojugular reflex, atrial flutter

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Lawrence Rosenthal, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Medicine, Director, Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Fellowship Director of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center
Lawrence Rosenthal, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, and Massachusetts Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

David D McManus, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Cardiac Electrophysiology Section, Cardiology Division, University of Massachusetts Medical Center
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Alan D Forker, MD, Professor of Medicine, Program Director of Cardiovascular Fellowship, University of Missouri at Kansas City School of Medicine; Director, Outpatient Lipid Diabetes Research Center, MidAmerica Heart Institute of St Luke's Hospital
Alan D Forker, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Cardiology, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, American Society of Hypertension, and Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: Research Grant Grant/research funds Hospital contracts to do research; I am a hospital employee with no personal profit; Speakers Bureau Honoraria Speaking and teaching

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Brian Olshansky, MD, Professor of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa College of Medicine
Brian Olshansky, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Autonomic Society, American College of Cardiology, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American College of Sports Medicine, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Heart Association, Cardiac Electrophysiology Society, Heart Rhythm Society, and New York Academy of Sciences
Disclosure: Guidant/Boston Scientific Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Medtronic Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Guidant/Boston Scientific Consulting fee Consulting; Reliant Grant/research funds Other; Novartis Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Novartis Consulting fee Consulting

CME Editor

Amer Suleman, MD, Consultant in Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical City Dallas Hospital
Amer Suleman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Institute of Stress, American Society of Hypertension, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Royal Society of Medicine, and Society of Cardiac Angiography and Interventions
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Jeffrey N Rottman, MD, Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology, Director, Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology Fellowship Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Chief, Department of Cardiology, Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Jeffrey N Rottman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Heart Association and North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (NASPE)
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.