Mitral Regurgitation: Multimedia

References

1. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Kanu C, et al. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): developed in collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists: endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. Aug 1 2006;114(5):e84-231. [Medline].

2. Bonow RO, Cheitlin MD, Crawford MH, Douglas PS. Task Force 3: valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. Apr 19 2005;45(8):1334-40. [Medline].

3. Carabello BA. Progress in mitral and aortic regurgitation. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. May-Jun 2001;43(6):457-75. [Medline].

4. Enriquez-Sarano M, Avierinos JF, Messika-Zeitoun D, Detaint D, Capps M, Nkomo V, et al. Quantitative determinants of the outcome of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. Mar 3 2005;352(9):875-83. [Medline].

5. Fann JI, Ingels NB, Miller DC. Pathophysiology of Mitral Valve Disease. In: Cardiac Surgery in the Adult. 3^rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2008:chap 41.

6. Khanna D, Miller AP, Nanda NC, et al. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic assessment of mitral regurgitation severity: usefulness of qualitative and semiquantitative techniques. Echocardiography. Oct 2005;22(9):748-69. [Medline].

7. Libby P, Bonow RO, MD, Zipes DP, Mann DL. Valvular Heart Disease. In: Braunwald's Heart Disease. 8^th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2008:chap. 62.

8. Matsunaga A, Duran CM. Progression of tricuspid regurgitation after repaired functional ischemic mitral regurgitation. Circulation. Aug 30 2005;112(9 Suppl):I453-7. [Medline].

9. Mehta RH, Eagle KA, Coombs LP, Peterson ED, Edwards FH, Pagani FD, et al. Influence of age on outcomes in patients undergoing mitral valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg. Nov 2002;74(5):1459-67. [Medline].

10. Rosenhek R, Rader F, Klaar U, Gabriel H, Krejc M, Kalbeck D, et al. Outcome of watchful waiting in asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation. Circulation. May 9 2006;113(18):2238-44. [Medline].

11. Thourani VH, Weintraub WS, Guyton RA, Jones EL, Williams WH, Elkabbani S, et al. Outcomes and long-term survival for patients undergoing mitral valve repair versus replacement: effect of age and concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation. Jul 22 2003;108(3):298-304. [Medline].

12. [Guideline] Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, Lockhart PB, Baddour LM, Levison M, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Circulation. Oct 9 2007;116(15):1736-54. [Medline].

13. [Best Evidence] Pizarro R, Bazzino OO, Oberti PF, Falconi M, Achilli F, Arias A, et al. Prospective validation of the prognostic usefulness of brain natriuretic peptide in asymptomatic patients with chronic severe mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. Sep 15 2009;54(12):1099-106. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

mitral regurgitation, MR, mitral incompetence, mitral insufficiency, myxomatous degeneration, ruptured chordae tendineae, collagen-vascular disease, collagen vascular disease, rheumatic fever, myxomatous mitral valve, Down syndrome, Down's syndrome, acute mitral valve regurgitation, mitral valve regurgitation, mitral valve incompetence, mitral valve insufficiency, cardiogenic shock, mitral valve disease, mitral valvular abnormality, prosthetic valve failure, perforated mitral valve leaflet, perforated mitral valve, mitral valve prolapse, MVP, rheumatic heart disease, coronary artery disease, CAD, annular calcification, connective tissue disorder, connective-tissue disorder, left ventricle dilation, left ventricle dilatation, LV dilation, LV dilatation, prosthetic heart valve, cardiac valvular lesion, functional ischemic mitral regurgitation

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Ivan Hanson, MD, Chief Medical Resident, Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit Receiving Hospital, Wayne State University School of Medicine
Ivan Hanson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, Michigan State Medical Society, and Society of General Internal Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Luis C Afonso, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine-Cardiology, Program Director of Cardiology Fellowship Program, Wayne State University; Director of Echocardiography Laboratory, Harper University Hospital
Luis C Afonso, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association, and American Society of Echocardiography
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Martin Keane, MD, FACC, FAHA, Associate Professor, Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Martin Keane, MD, FACC, FAHA is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Cardiology, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, Pennsylvania Medical Society, and Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
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Managing Editor

Ronald J Oudiz, MD, FACP, FACC, Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Director, Liu Center for Pulmonary Hypertension, LA Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
Ronald J Oudiz, MD, FACP, FACC is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, and American Thoracic Society
Disclosure: Actelion Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; Encysive Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; Gilead Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; Pfizer Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; United Therapeutics Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; Lilly Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; LungRx  Clinical Trials + honoraria

CME Editor

Amer Suleman, MD, Consultant in Electrophysiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical City Dallas Hospital
Amer Suleman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Institute of Stress, American Society of Hypertension, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Royal Society of Medicine, and Society of Cardiac Angiography and Interventions
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Richard A Lange, MD, Professor and Executive Vice Chairman, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
Richard A Lange, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, and Association of Subspecialty Professors
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.