Myocardial Infarction: Multimedia

References

1. [Guideline] Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, Califf RM, Cheitlin MD, Hochman JS, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina). J Am Coll Cardiol. Sep 2000;36(3):970-1062. [Medline].

2. [Guideline] Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, Califf RM, Cheitlin MD, Hochman JS, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: executive summary and recommendations. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (committee on the management of patients with unstable angina). Circulation. Sep 5 2000;102(10):1193-209. [Medline].

3. Sabatine. Clopidogrel Shines in STEMI Reperfusion: CLARITY-TIMI 28. Paper presented at: American College of Cardiology Annual Scientific Session Late-Breaking Clinical Trials. March 9, 2005;Orlando, FL.

4. [Best Evidence] Chen ZM, Jiang LX, Chen YP, Xie JX, Pan HC, Peto R, et al. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. Nov 5 2005;366(9497):1607-21. [Medline].

5. Antman EM, Giugliano RP, Gibson CM, McCabe CH, Coussement P, Kleiman NS, et al. Abciximab facilitates the rate and extent of thrombolysis: results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 14 trial. The TIMI 14 Investigators. Circulation. Jun 1 1999;99(21):2720-32. [Medline].

6. Gibson CM, de Lemos JA, Murphy SA, et al. Combination therapy with abciximab reduces angiographically evident thrombus in acute myocardial infarction: a TIMI 14 substudy. Circulation. May 29 2001;103(21):2550-4. [Medline].

7. [Best Evidence] Chen ZM, Pan HC, Chen YP, Peto R, Collins R, Jiang LX, et al. Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. Nov 5 2005;366(9497):1622-32. [Medline].

8. Schomig A, Kastrati A, Dirschinger J, et al. Coronary stenting plus platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade compared with tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. Stent versus Thrombolysis for Occluded Coronary Arteries in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Study Investig. N Engl J Med. Aug 10 2000;343(6):385-91. [Medline].

9. Cantor WJ et al. Routine early angioplasty after fibrinolysis for acute myocardial infarction. N Eng J Med. Jun 25 2009;360(26):2705-18.

10. [Best Evidence] Negassa A, Monrad ES, Bang JY, Srinivas VS. Tree-structured risk stratification of in-hospital mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction: a report from the New York State percutaneous coronary intervention database. Am Heart J. Aug 2007;154(2):322-9. [Medline].

11. Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. Apr 4 2001;285(13):1711-8. [Medline].

12. Antithrombotic Trialists' (ATT) Collaboration. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. May 30 2009;373(9678):1849-1860. [Medline].

13. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction; A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Manage. J Am Coll Cardiol. Aug 4 2004;44(3):E1-E211. [Medline].

14. Antman EM, Cohen M, Radley D, et al. Assessment of the treatment effect of enoxaparin for unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. TIMI 11B-ESSENCE meta-analysis. Circulation. Oct 12 1999;100(15):1602-8. [Medline].

15. Antman EM, Fox KM. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: proposed revisions. International Cardiology Forum. Am Heart J. Mar 2000;139(3):461-75. [Medline].

16. Antman EM, Hand M, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, Green LA, Halasyamani LK, et al. 2007 focused update of the ACC/AHA 2004 guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. Jan 15 2008;51(2):210-47. [Medline].

17. Antman EM, McCabe CH, Gurfinkel EP, et al. Enoxaparin prevents death and cardiac ischemic events in unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 11B trial. Circulation. Oct 12 1999;100(15):1593-601. [Medline].

18. Brodie BR, Stuckey TD, Wall TC, et al. Importance of time to reperfusion for 30-day and late survival and recovery of left ventricular function after primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. Nov 1998;32(5):1312-9. [Medline].

19. Califf RM. Acute myocardial infarction and other acute ischemic syndromes. In: Braunwald E, ed. Atlas of Heart Disease. 8^th ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 1996:1.1-15.13.

20. Gersh BJ. Optimal management of acute myocardial infarction at the dawn of the next millennium. Am Heart J. Aug 1999;138(2 Pt 2):S188-202. [Medline].

21. National Cholesterol Education Program. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. May 16 2001;285(19):2486-97. [Medline].

22. Ornato JP. Chest pain emergency centers: improving acute myocardial infarction care. Clin Cardiol. Aug 1999;22(8 Suppl):IV3-9. [Medline].

23. Pedersen TR. Statin trials and goals of cholesterol-lowering therapy after AMI. Am Heart J. Aug 1999;138(2 Pt 2):S177-82. [Medline].

24. Ryan TJ, Anderson JL, Antman EM, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. Nov 1 1996;28(5):1328-428. [Medline].

25. Ryan TJ, Antman EM, Brooks NH, et al. 1999 update: ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infa. J Am Coll Cardiol. Sep 1999;34(3):890-911. [Medline].

26. Tavazzi L. Clinical epidemiology of acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. Aug 1999;138(2 Pt 2):S48-54. [Medline].

27. The SOLVD Investigattors. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. N Engl J Med. Sep 3 1992;327(10):685-91. [Medline].

28. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. Jan 20 2000;342(3):145-53. [Medline].

29. Zafari AM, Taylor WR. Anticoagulant Therapy for Coronary Heart Disease: Case Studies. Hospital Physician. 2000;6:1-10.

30. Zafari AM, Taylor WR. Antiplatelet Agents in Coronary Heart Disease: Case Studies. Hospital Physician. 2000;5:1-10.

31. Zafari AM, Wenger NK. Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. Aug 1998;79(8):1006-17. [Medline].

32. [Best Evidence] Reichlin T, Hochholzer W, Bassetti S, Steuer S, Stelzig C, Hartwiger S, et al. Early diagnosis of myocardial infarction with sensitive cardiac troponin assays. N Engl J Med. Aug 27 2009;361(9):858-67. [Medline].

Further Reading

Keywords

myocardial infarction, heart attack, acute coronary syndromes, ACS, MI, unstable angina, non–ST-elevation MI, NSTEMI, coronary artery disease, CAD, ischemic heart disease, chest pain, impaired systolic function, impaired diastolic function, myocardial necrosis, atherosclerosis, coronary thrombus, plaque rupture, coronary emboli, infected cardiac valve, coronary occlusion secondary to vasculitis, primary coronary vasospasm, variant angina

cardiovascular disease, congestive heart failure, CHF, coronary heart disease, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, elevated homocysteine levels, male pattern baldness, sedentary lifestyle, psychosocial stress, peripheral vascular disease, poor oral hygiene

vasculitis, congenital coronary anomalies, coronary trauma, coronary spasm, necrosis of heart muscle, coronary thrombosis, pulmonary rales, lower extremity edema, elevated jugularvenous pressure, cocaine use, heavy exertion, hyperthyroidism, severe anemia

Contributor Information and Disclosures

Author

Samer Garas, MD, FACC, Chief of Cardiology, Department of Interventional Cardiology, St Vincent's Hospital
Samer Garas, MD, FACC is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Cardiology, and American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

A Maziar Zafari, MD, PhD, FACC, Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Chief, Section of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center
A Maziar Zafari, MD, PhD, FACC is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, and Association of Professors of Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Medical Editor

Eric Vanderbush, MD, FACC, MD, Chief, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Clinical Assistant Professor, Harlem Hospital Center and Columbia University
Eric Vanderbush, MD, FACC, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pharmacy Editor

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD, Senior Pharmacy Editor, eMedicine
Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Managing Editor

Marschall S Runge, MD, PhD, Charles and Anne Sanders Distinguished Professor of Medicine, Chairman, Department of Medicine, Vice Dean for Clinical Affairs, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
Marschall S Runge, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Cardiology, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, American Physiological Society, American Society for Clinical Investigation, American Society for Investigative Pathology, Association of American Physicians, Association of Professors of Cardiology, Association of Professors of Medicine, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation, and Texas Medical Association
Disclosure: Pfizer Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Merck Honoraria Speaking and teaching; Orthoclinica Diagnostica Consulting fee Consulting

CME Editor

Eleftherios Mylonakis, MD, Clinical and Research Fellow, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital
Eleftherios Mylonakis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians, American Society for Microbiology, and Infectious Diseases Society of America
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Eric H Yang, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Director of Coronary Care Unit, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
Eric H Yang, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha
Disclosure: Up to Date Royalty Review panel membership