Tricuspid Atresia Follow-up

  • Author: Mary C Mancini, MD, PhD; Chief Editor: Richard A Lange, MD   more...
 
Updated: May 26, 2011
 

Further Inpatient Care

  • Because pulmonary blood flow is of paramount importance in patients with tricuspid atresia, carefully monitor for signs of hypoxemia or fluid overload. After a palliative procedure, perform echocardiographic assessments to determine the patency of the shunt. Clinical evaluation is of benefit to determine instances of increased pulmonary blood flow that require treatment for ensuing congestive heart failure. Signs of hypoxemia in the form of rising hemoglobin levels must be monitored carefully because onset is insidious.
  • Inpatient care after the Fontan procedure requires careful monitoring of pulmonary vascular resistance, heart rhythm, and fluid status. All efforts are made to maintain pulmonary vascular resistance as low as possible using supplemental oxygen and pulmonary vasodilators. Maintaining normal sinus rhythm in these patients optimizes cardiac output and ensures a favorable outcome. These patients characteristically develop pleural effusions after the procedure, which must be monitored carefully and removed in order to maximize oxygenation and decrease pulmonary vascular resistance.
  • Carefully examine the child for signs of hepatic congestion. Hepatic congestion can occur secondary to the operative procedure and the subsequent volume overload. Treatment consists of diuretic therapy.
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Further Outpatient Care

  • For patients who have undergone a palliative procedure, arrange careful follow-up to monitor pulmonary blood flow. Increasing polycythemia and cyanosis are indicative of poor shunt flow and may indicate that another procedure is needed to prevent worsening hypoxemia.
  • Increased pulmonary blood flow is detrimental in this population; monitor carefully, watching for signs of congestive heart failure.
  • For patients who have had the Fontan procedure, maintain follow-up care to ensure a stable cardiac rhythm. Consider careful assessment of ventricular function on a routine basis. These patients may develop signs of congestive heart failure and congestive hepatopathy in the early postoperative course. In such instances, institute diuretic therapy early in order to preserve pulmonary blood flow and oxygenation.
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Inpatient & Outpatient Medications

  • Consider digitalis to maintain sinus rhythm and improve cardiac contractility.
  • Diuretics are often administered to treat and prevent pulmonary edema in these patients.
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Complications

The complications from a shunt procedure can include too much pulmonary blood flow. The shunt can also cause damage to the pulmonary arteriolar tree.

Complications from the Fontan procedure include pulmonary edema, congestive hepatopathy, pleural effusions, ascites, protein-losing enteropathy, and cardiac arrhythmias.

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Prognosis

The 1-year survival rate after the Fontan operation is 85%; the 5-year survival rate is 78%. Because the procedure eliminates cyanosis, polycythemia and left ventricular volume overload are relieved; therefore, this population can be expected to live longer.

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Patient Education

Counsel the parents of these children about dietary sodium restriction, as well as the signs and symptoms of hypoxemia and congestive heart failure.

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Contributor Information and Disclosures
Author

Mary C Mancini, MD, PhD  Professor and Chief, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport

Mary C Mancini, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Surgical Association, Phi Beta Kappa, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Southern Surgical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Park W Willis IV, MD  Sarah Graham Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine

Park W Willis IV, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Echocardiography

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD  Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: eMedicine Salary Employment

Ronald J Oudiz, MD, FACP, FACC, FCCP  Professor of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Director, Liu Center for Pulmonary Hypertension, Division of Cardiology, LA Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center

Ronald J Oudiz, MD, FACP, FACC, FCCP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Cardiology, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, and American Thoracic Society

Disclosure: Actelion Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; Encysive Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; Gilead Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; Pfizer Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; United Therapeutics Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; Lilly Grant/research funds Clinical Trials + honoraria; LungRx Clinical Trials + honoraria; Bayer Grant/research funds Consulting

Amer Suleman, MD  Private Practice

Amer Suleman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Institute of Stress, American Society of Hypertension, Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, Royal Society of Medicine, and Society of Cardiac Angiography and Interventions

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Richard A Lange, MD  Professor and Executive Vice Chairman, Department of Medicine, Director, Office of Educational Programs, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio

Richard A Lange, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, and Association of Subspecialty Professors

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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Fontan procedure: Illustration of the atrial-to-pulmonary artery anastomosis.
Tricuspid atresia. Frontal chest radiograph in a child with tricuspid atresia and a nonrestrictive ventricular septal defect. There is pulmonary plethora. Note the prominent right atrium.
Tricuspid atresia. Frontal chest radiograph in a child with tricuspid atresia and a nonrestrictive ventricular septal defect, mild pulmonary plethora and, atypically, a right aortic arch (arrow). Note enlarged right atrium and the typical rounded configuration of the left cardiac apex. In the absence of the right ventricle, the left ventricle becomes hypertrophied and dilated, causing the development of a more rounded cardiac apex.
Tricuspid atresia. Frontal chest radiograph in an adult with untreated tricuspid atresia. Increased pulmonary blood flow through a nonrestrictive ventricular septal defect has been tolerated for years but has led to the development of pulmonary hypertension, as shown by the large proximal pulmonary arteries (arrows) and pruned distal pulmonary arteries. The development of pulmonary hypertension prevents conventional surgical treatment.
Tricuspid atresia. Axial ECG-gated spin-echo MRI in an adult patient with tricuspid atresia shows the high signal from atrioventricular sulcus tissue (black arrow), replacing the tricuspid valve, and an enlarged right atrium. Note how the mitral valve orientation (white arrows) is abnormal. The right ventricular outflow chamber (R) is anterior.
Tricuspid atresia. Axial ECG-gated spin-echo MRI (10 mm caudad to previous Image ) shows the high signal intensity from atrioventricular sulcus tissue and the restrictive ventricular septal defect (arrow) between the ventricle and the right ventricular outflow chamber. Note the dilated and rounded left ventricular cavity.
Tricuspid atresia. Axial ECG-gated spin-echo MRI in an adolescent patient with tricuspid atresia with modified Fontan repair. The Fontan conduit (white arrow) runs from the right atrium (A) around the front of the heart towards the pulmonary artery. Note that the front of the heart is identified by the anterior atrioventricular sulcus tissue containing the signal void of the right coronary artery (black arrow).
Tricuspid atresia. Axial ECG-gated spin-echo MRI in an adolescent patient with tricuspid atresia with modified Fontan repair (10 mm inferior to previous Image ). Thick atrioventricular sulcus tissue (arrow) is noted replacing the tricuspid valve. The ventricular septal defect has been repaired, and the ventricular septum is now intact.
Tricuspid atresia. Apical 4-chamber 2-dimensional echocardiogram shows atrioventricular sulcus tissue (solid arrow) replacing the tricuspid valve in a patient with tricuspid atresia. Note the enlarged right atrium posterior to the abnormal atrioventricular sulcus tissue. A moderate-sized ventricular septal defect (open arrow) is noted between the ventricle (V) and outflow chamber (C).
Tricuspid atresia. Fluoroscopic image shows a Park blade septostomy catheter with cutting blade extended in a patient with tricuspid atresia. The catheter has been passed through a restrictive atrial septal defect, which was resistant to balloon septostomy. The blade was used to make 2 cuts in the atrial septum, starting a tear, which then was completed using balloon septostomy.
Tricuspid atresia. Frontal ventriculogram in a patient with tricuspid atresia shows the pulmonary arteries arising from a small right ventricular type outflow chamber (arrow). A restrictive ventricular septal defect and a large globular ventricle (V) are noted.
Tricuspid atresia. Steep left anterior oblique ventriculogram in a patient with tricuspid atresia shows a restrictive ventricular septal defect (between arrows) and a typically large globular ventricle (V).
Tricuspid atresia. Steep left anterior oblique ventriculogram in a patient with tricuspid atresia shows a larger nonrestrictive ventricular septal defect (white arrow). A typically large globular ventricle (V) is seen, which is receiving inflow from a single atrioventricular valve (mitral valve, black arrows). Note how the aorta and pulmonary arteries are superimposed, making interpretation of their attachments difficult. Angiography must be performed in multiple projections to fully define complex relationships accurately.
Tricuspid atresia. Shallow right anterior oblique view from a ventriculogram in a patient with tricuspid atresia shows mitral regurgitation with contrast filling in both the left atrium (LA) and right atrium (RA), through the atrial septal defect. Contrast outlines the thick band of atrioventricular sulcus tissue (arrow), which is demonstrated well on cross-sectional imaging techniques.
Tricuspid atresia. Right anterior oblique ventriculogram in a patient with tricuspid atresia shows simultaneous filling of the aorta (Ao) and pulmonary arteries (PA). Nonrestrictive ventricular septal defect was present, which necessitated pulmonary artery banding (arrow) to reduce pulmonary blood flow and protect against development of pulmonary hypertension before proceeding to a Fontan procedure.
 
 
 
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